ORIGINE:
·
In the 7th and 8th centuries CE, Islam spread towards Spain and India.
·
Islam came to India particularly with
merchants, traders, holy men and conquerors over a passage of 600 years.
·
Although by the 8th century
Muslims had begun to construct in Sindh, Gujarat, etc., it was only in the 13thcentury that large-scale building activity was
begun by the Turkish state,
established after the Turkish conquest of the North India.
·
Thus, in the field of architecture, a mix of many structural
techniques, stylized shapes, and surface decorations came about through
constant interventions of acceptance, rejections or modifications of
architectural elements.
·
In the field of architecture, a mix
of many structural techniques, stylized shapes, and surface decorations came
about through constant interventions of acceptance, rejections or modifications
of architectural elements.
·
These architectural entities or
categories showcasing multiple styles are known as Indo-Saracenic or Indo-Islamic Architecture.
·
By the 12th century,
India was already familiar with monumental construction in grandiose settings.
·
Certain techniques and embellishments
were prevalent and popular, such as trabeation (the use of beam rather than arches or vaulting),
brackets, and multiple pillars to support a flat roof or a small shallow dome.
·
The arches in early constructions
were shaped in wood and stone, and were unable to bear the weight of the
domes/top structures.
·
Such arches needed to be constructed
with voussoirs (series of interlocking blocks) and fitted with keystones.
·
In spite of the obvious Saracenic, Persian and
Turkish influences, Indo-Islamic
structures were heavily influenced by prevailing sensibilities of Indian
architectural and decorative forms.
Categories of Styles
The study of Indo-Islamic architecture is conventionally
categorized as follows:
1.
The Imperial Style (Delhi sultanate)
2.
The Provincial styles (Mandu, Gujarat, Bengal and Jaunpur)
3.
The Mughal Style (Delhi, Agra and Lahore)
4.
The Deccani style (Bijapur and Golconda)
·
Amongst provincial styles, the architecture of Bengal and Jaunpur is regarded as distinct.
·
Gujarat was said to have a markedly regional
character for patrons borrowed elements from the regional
temple traditions such as torans, lintels in mihrabs, carving of bell and chain motifs, and carved panels
depicting trees, for tombs, mosques and dargahs.
·
The 15th century
white marble dargah of Sheikh Ahmad Khattu of Sarkhej is a good example of
provincial style and it heavily influenced the forms and decoration of Mughal
tombs.
Decorative Forms :
·
These forms include designing on plasters through incisions or stucco.
·
The designs were either left plain or
covered with colours.
·
Motifs
were also painted on or carved in stones.
·
These motifs include varieties of
flowers, both from sub-continent and places outside, particularly Iran.
·
The lotus bridge fringe was used to great advantage in the inner curves of the
arches.
·
The walls were also decorated with Cypress, Chinar,
and other trees as also with flower vases.
·
In the 14th, 15th and
16th centuries, tiles were also used to surface the walls
and the domes.
·
Popular colours were blue, turquoise, green and yellow.
·
Subsequently the techniques of tessellation
(mosaic designs) and pietra dura (cut and fit technique) were made use of for surface decoration, particularly in
the dodo panels of the walls.
·
At times, Lapis Lazuli (a kind of blue stone) was used on the interior walls or on canopies.
·
Arabesque (surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of
scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils), calligraphy, Jalis (perforated stone or latticed screen),
etc. were other decorative works.
Constructing Materials :
·
The walls in all buildings were
extremely thick and were largely constructed of rubble masonry, which were easily available.
·
These walls were then cased over with chunam or limestone plaster or dressed stone.
·
An amazing ranges of stones were
utilized for construction such as quartzite,
sandstone, buffs, marbles, etc.
·
Polychrome tiles were used to
great advantage to finish the walls.
·
From the 17th century onwards, bricks were
also used for construction and in this phase there
was more reliance on local materials.
Forts
·
Building monumental forts with
embattlement was a regular feature in medieval times, often symbolizing the seat of power of a king.
·
When such a fort was captured by an
attacking army, the vanquished ruler either lost his complete power or his
sovereignty. This was because he had to accept the suzerainty of the victorious
king.
·
Another feature was concentric
circles of outer walls as in Golconda that the enemy had to breach these at all
stages before getting in.
·
Some of the famous forts are the Fort of Chittor (Rajasthan), Gwalior (MP), Daulatabad-earlier
Devgiri (Maharashtra), and Golconda (Hyderabad).
·
The Chittorgarh fort is the largest fort in Asia and was occupied for the longest length of time as the
seat of power.
Minars
·
Another form of sthamba or tower was the minar, a common
feature in the sub-continent.
·
The most striking minars of medieval
times are the Qutub Minar in Delhi and Chand
Minar at Daulatabad.
·
The everyday use of the minar was for the azaan or
call to prayer.
·
Its phenomenal height, however,
symbolized the might and power of the ruler.
Eg: 1.Qutub Minar
·
It was built in the 13th century
and the Qutub complex in which the minar is present is a UNESCO World Heritage
Site.
·
The construction of the bottom storey
of the minar was started by Qutub-ud-din Aibak (Delhi Sultanate) and his successor Iltumish completed it by adding three more storeys.
·
However Firoz Shah Tughlaq replaced the top storey
which was damaged in a lightning and also added
one more storey.
·
Hence now it has five storeys
and a height of nearly 234 feet (about 73 m) making it the second tallest minar
in India (first is Fateh Burj, Punjab).
·
The Qutub Minar also came to be
associated with the much revered saint of Delhi, Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
·
The minar is a mixture of polygonal and circular shapes.
·
It is largely built on red and buff stone with some use of marble in the upper storeys.
2. Chand minar :
·
It was built in the 15th century
by Ala-ud-din Bahmani.
·
It is a 210 feet high (about 30 m)
tapering tower divided into four
storeys.
·
It is painted in peach now.
·
Its façade once boasted of chevron
patterning on the encaustic tile work and bold band of Quranic verses.
·
Although it looked like an Iranian
monument, it was the combined handiwork of local
architects with those from Delhi and Iran.
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