tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-52405268098318177302024-03-18T02:48:13.695-07:00IAS Preparation- simplified like never before!A complete blog on IAS Preparation -UPSC Prelims ,Mains and Interview.R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.comBlogger118125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-29219286411259793482016-10-25T05:04:00.001-07:002016-10-26T02:52:55.266-07:00How to use PRS india for IAS preparation?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><u>5 Steps process to use the website - PRSindia</u>:</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "lucida grande" , "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Step 1</b> -Click on Monthly Policy Review</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gWv1_X-TN_8/WA9HTLnhMsI/AAAAAAAADVo/wHaJXKCtMH8aNEsIzDRtmCXqXhwrscfCQCLcB/s1600/13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gWv1_X-TN_8/WA9HTLnhMsI/AAAAAAAADVo/wHaJXKCtMH8aNEsIzDRtmCXqXhwrscfCQCLcB/s1600/13.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Step 2</b> - Select the month</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i-PDa1jSvKg/WA9He2MbnCI/AAAAAAAADV0/e_wX5NfePZkh_4Ij6jFdjKV8FIUUrWCSwCEw/s1600/14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i-PDa1jSvKg/WA9He2MbnCI/AAAAAAAADV0/e_wX5NfePZkh_4Ij6jFdjKV8FIUUrWCSwCEw/s1600/14.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "lucida grande" , "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Step 3</b> - The pdf of a particular month opens up. From the index, select the important news articles.I suggest you to use this space for understanding important schemes,bills and acts, which are currently in news. And then directly move to that particular article.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aeUH-ejZsF4/WA9He-asvdI/AAAAAAAADVs/F90bF5mVVVkCDHkRKaZdw70_0RV_5ncCgCEw/s1600/15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aeUH-ejZsF4/WA9He-asvdI/AAAAAAAADVs/F90bF5mVVVkCDHkRKaZdw70_0RV_5ncCgCEw/s1600/15.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Step 4</b> - For important bills, do click on the entire PRS summary and read it.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rScH_gyW_PM/WA9He36NgWI/AAAAAAAADVw/hQtrjTjld00v_UMikvxaRNDbP31ydDWtgCEw/s1600/16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rScH_gyW_PM/WA9He36NgWI/AAAAAAAADVw/hQtrjTjld00v_UMikvxaRNDbP31ydDWtgCEw/s1600/16.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Step 5 - </b>Read the complete analysis.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KTtZQs2OlPQ/WA9J88rWnVI/AAAAAAAADWE/A-lAryP5x4sldTHXY2VEOawIk47RQODSQCLcB/s1600/17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KTtZQs2OlPQ/WA9J88rWnVI/AAAAAAAADWE/A-lAryP5x4sldTHXY2VEOawIk47RQODSQCLcB/s1600/17.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><b>Hope you find this helpful</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><b>All the best.</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> ******</span></span></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com166tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-74048434370610598502016-10-25T03:51:00.000-07:002016-10-25T03:51:09.008-07:00How to use different Websites for IAS preparation ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>Mrunal.org</u>:</span></b></h4>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I suggest Mrunal to be used for</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> </span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<li><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Toppers interviews</span><span style="font-family: "lucida grande" , "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Materials(NCERTS , past question papers and toppers notes)</span></b></li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The below image shows the opening page of mrunal.org It lists down every upload datewise.You may scroll down to see their updates.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-KgTRI0jJMQQ/WA8eughB0sI/AAAAAAAADUM/RfxziukBSgccFcBUg5YcfB643av3VZKFwCLcB/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-KgTRI0jJMQQ/WA8eughB0sI/AAAAAAAADUM/RfxziukBSgccFcBUg5YcfB643av3VZKFwCLcB/s1600/1.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> </span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">When you click on the "Toppers" tab, You will find the below page. Click on any of the options to get the interviews of the toppers of a particular year.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RqtGxaeBy4A/WA8e4yqi02I/AAAAAAAADUc/Hgab6VxgNEQZWIeyL8MiWCyrAZeohSOdgCEw/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RqtGxaeBy4A/WA8e4yqi02I/AAAAAAAADUc/Hgab6VxgNEQZWIeyL8MiWCyrAZeohSOdgCEw/s1600/2.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AQt6eyQBpUg/WA8e48AqzqI/AAAAAAAADVA/IIH7y51gh8Y_QMEIKlrc4SuoIZCXexP8gCEw/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AQt6eyQBpUg/WA8e48AqzqI/AAAAAAAADVA/IIH7y51gh8Y_QMEIKlrc4SuoIZCXexP8gCEw/s1600/3.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: start;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>Insightsonindia</u>:</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "lucida grande" , "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I suggest this website for</span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Answer writing practice</b>.</span></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">All India Radio (AIR) 9 pm news</span></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This website will give you questions on current affairs everyday .It will help your newspaper reading and mains preparation.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-s0J5Ira_-1Q/WA8e5B8S16I/AAAAAAAADVA/cBmw4xuUE7UGIGvuvP7mmRngRD3y3V8cQCEw/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-s0J5Ira_-1Q/WA8e5B8S16I/AAAAAAAADVA/cBmw4xuUE7UGIGvuvP7mmRngRD3y3V8cQCEw/s1600/4.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ymn4tMIGv0Y/WA8e5dSOFWI/AAAAAAAADVA/Bxrmxw3m770weO0XJ0R74kQO3QsLrkH8QCEw/s1600/5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ymn4tMIGv0Y/WA8e5dSOFWI/AAAAAAAADVA/Bxrmxw3m770weO0XJ0R74kQO3QsLrkH8QCEw/s1600/5.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">You will find compilation of all AIR spotlight in one place. You may listen to them at your convenience. Click on the "AIR Radio/Rajya Sabha TV " tab and scroll down to find the compilation.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-V_KnPtxhc0M/WA8e5oTcyuI/AAAAAAAADVA/tzeABE5xmIAlzsAvnuLoJBqkWKWCXMbvgCEw/s1600/6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-V_KnPtxhc0M/WA8e5oTcyuI/AAAAAAAADVA/tzeABE5xmIAlzsAvnuLoJBqkWKWCXMbvgCEw/s1600/6.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nBQJNYyV_YI/WA8e5pqdtxI/AAAAAAAADVA/pKW1mp5hgi4uZS8oRKqao5LuFhGQ31N8wCEw/s1600/7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nBQJNYyV_YI/WA8e5pqdtxI/AAAAAAAADVA/pKW1mp5hgi4uZS8oRKqao5LuFhGQ31N8wCEw/s1600/7.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>Prsindia</u>:</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">This website shall be used for finding out the highlights/analysis of any bill or act. Select the bill/act you want to read about,</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-x1y-IdwIYCY/WA8e6A055HI/AAAAAAAADVA/RWgZ3TMAyVsRJv80ZvMqdKBFv-YCN_ukgCEw/s1600/8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-x1y-IdwIYCY/WA8e6A055HI/AAAAAAAADVA/RWgZ3TMAyVsRJv80ZvMqdKBFv-YCN_ukgCEw/s1600/8.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>IASbaba</u>:</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">I suggest this website for</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> </span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<li><b><span style="font-size: large;">Rajya Sabha Debates</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-size: large;">Compilation of Yojana and Kurukshetra magazines</span></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-YZKv34GSnFg/WA8e6OpvG6I/AAAAAAAADVA/vHWFNiWI5YgENwl3J5txyvknAMU-uQQUQCEw/s1600/9.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-YZKv34GSnFg/WA8e6OpvG6I/AAAAAAAADVA/vHWFNiWI5YgENwl3J5txyvknAMU-uQQUQCEw/s1600/9.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wwnSzVlNepU/WA8e4neEMSI/AAAAAAAADVA/uU-3HzhwuMIXbBnisUOJD8ShDVCZFgkywCEw/s1600/10.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wwnSzVlNepU/WA8e4neEMSI/AAAAAAAADVA/uU-3HzhwuMIXbBnisUOJD8ShDVCZFgkywCEw/s1600/10.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><u>Unacademy - India's largest free learning platform</u>:</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Unacademy hosts a lot of video sessions for IAS preparation. I suggest this website for</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Videos on conceptual clarity</span><span style="font-family: "lucida grande" , "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">- Polity, Economy, Geography and other subjects.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Login with your facebook or google account and choose your subject and educator.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AA2EljGAo3M/WA8e4c9e8cI/AAAAAAAADVA/CJbZVz2etcwp10irI7L3A9zardlq3s2fQCEw/s1600/11.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="448" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AA2EljGAo3M/WA8e4c9e8cI/AAAAAAAADVA/CJbZVz2etcwp10irI7L3A9zardlq3s2fQCEw/s640/11.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-65iA057_uqc/WA8e4d1tIAI/AAAAAAAADVA/y3WzK_RuDrwLe6ZhlBA_Oy96jyMx4S3CACEw/s1600/12.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="448" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-65iA057_uqc/WA8e4d1tIAI/AAAAAAAADVA/y3WzK_RuDrwLe6ZhlBA_Oy96jyMx4S3CACEw/s640/12.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><u>For current affairs</u>:</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I shall suggest a few names. You may follow each of them for a week . And decide one which is the best for you,</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">IASbaba</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Mrunal</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Insightsonindia</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">CivilsDaily (Mobile App)</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>Hope you find this helpful</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>All the best</b></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">******</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com58tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-83964437914843430472016-10-18T04:27:00.000-07:002016-10-18T04:33:52.602-07:00Common mistakes while preparing for UPSC<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Depending
only on offline material - In the era of internet, if you aren’t aware of the
latest development on web related to ias preparation , you might feel left out
in the race.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eU5SDVzJ2W8/WAYFjCB4x1I/AAAAAAAADRs/0sGM0OZLJpQCRQsXB6C37WKiU80NOwS7QCLcB/s1600/image.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eU5SDVzJ2W8/WAYFjCB4x1I/AAAAAAAADRs/0sGM0OZLJpQCRQsXB6C37WKiU80NOwS7QCLcB/s320/image.png" width="303" /></a></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"
o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f"
stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_0" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="image.png" style='width:297.75pt;height:183.75pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Gateway\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title="image"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="image.png" src="file:///C:\Users\Gateway\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_0" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ignoring current affairs - Ira Singhal, AIR 1, 2014, has said in
her interview that ignoring current affairs was the biggest mistake she
committed during her preparation. Look at the previous question papers. Most of
the questions in prelims and mains are centered around current affairs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="color: #0186ba;"><a href="https://www.quora.com/How-do-UPSC-CSE-aspirants-study-from-The-Hindu/answer/R-A-Israel-Jebasingh?srid=gTna" target="_blank">How to read The Hindu for current affairs?</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VCqhDfHB5IQ/WAYFw3rIyVI/AAAAAAAADRw/5W5R1BdIlmEoffRq5VDNeSDhV2UhxquAwCLcB/s1600/image%2B%25281%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VCqhDfHB5IQ/WAYFw3rIyVI/AAAAAAAADRw/5W5R1BdIlmEoffRq5VDNeSDhV2UhxquAwCLcB/s1600/image%2B%25281%2529.png" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="image (1).png"
style='width:190.5pt;height:145.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Gateway\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"
o:title="image (1)"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Failing to revise - If you fail to revise, there is no use in
preparation at all. You may read 24*7*365 days, but what you recollect on the
eve of the exam determines your performance. Hence, reading without revision =
NOT READING AT ALL.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <a href="https://www.quora.com/Should-we-revise-notes-collected-from-The-Hindu-and-Indian-Express-Editorials-and-Yojana-that-is-intended-for-Mains-before-appearing-for-Prelims/answer/R-A-Israel-Jebasingh?srid=gTna" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0186ba;">How to revise and how to make
notes?</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.5pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="image (2).png"
style='width:180pt;height:155.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Gateway\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png"
o:title="image (2)"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P5tiu6M2SOE/WAYF-_Rr31I/AAAAAAAADR0/772HovHBjfcNNszz6x0rgpbVZLAxCAjowCLcB/s1600/image%2B%25282%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="276" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P5tiu6M2SOE/WAYF-_Rr31I/AAAAAAAADR0/772HovHBjfcNNszz6x0rgpbVZLAxCAjowCLcB/s320/image%2B%25282%2529.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Preparing
without a plan - UPSC is marathon-like race. Without a proper study plan, monthly
targets, periodic assessment, clearing it is impossible.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-B_HW3LuUMyM/WAYGQh0c0gI/AAAAAAAADR8/Q0zdYLi1F8AJIIk-O6TG3d84dABbOIAaQCLcB/s1600/image%2B%25283%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="177" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-B_HW3LuUMyM/WAYGQh0c0gI/AAAAAAAADR8/Q0zdYLi1F8AJIIk-O6TG3d84dABbOIAaQCLcB/s320/image%2B%25283%2529.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sourcing too many materials - Every day a new book is released
in the market under the name "MUST READ FOR EVERY IAS ASPIRANT" /
"SECRET TO TOP 2016" etc..Be wise. Be selective in buying materials.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <a href="http://officersiasacademy.blogspot.in/2015/11/best-magazines-websites-and-channels.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0186ba;">Best-magazines-websites-and-channels
for UPSC preparation</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Preparing
without looking into previous question papers - This is the biggest mistake in
my view. Unless you have seen the pattern of questions asked in the previous
years, you will not be able to guide your own preparation. It s just like starting
on a journey without knowing about the destination! Result could only be an accident!</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ErnmRZjQCcY/WAYGdNrqF5I/AAAAAAAADSA/0aTKSjSANxY-xu-SRY3PICl-A95sMUwgACLcB/s1600/image%2B%25284%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ErnmRZjQCcY/WAYGdNrqF5I/AAAAAAAADSA/0aTKSjSANxY-xu-SRY3PICl-A95sMUwgACLcB/s1600/image%2B%25284%2529.png" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5"
o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="image (4).png" style='width:209.25pt;
height:137.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Gateway\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png"
o:title="image (4)"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="image (4).png" border="0" src="file:///C:\Users\Gateway\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_5" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">No writing practice - Failing to write whiling preparing for
mains, is a mistake which every candidate realizes after the results come out. For
mains "writing practice" is the most important.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <a href="https://www.quora.com/What-is-type-of-writing-skill-required-for-UPSC/answer/R-A-Israel-Jebasingh?srid=gTna" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0186ba;">What-is-type-of-writing-skill-required-for-UPSC-my
answer on quora</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Selecting on optional- Selecting a wrong optional is another
commonly committed mistake.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <a href="https://www.quora.com/How-do-I-choose-optional-subjects-for-an-IAS-Mains-paper-from-the-syllabus-of-paper-1-and-paper-2-for-each-subject/answer/R-A-Israel-Jebasingh?srid=gTna" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0186ba;">How to select an optional -My
answer on quora</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sincerely hoping none
of you to commit the above,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">All the best.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com26tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-23521793747386208732016-10-07T05:43:00.001-07:002016-10-07T05:43:35.931-07:00‘Anyone can crack civil services exam’<a href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/education/anyone-can-crack-civil-services-exam/article8483525.ece#.V_eYNMR1wYI.blogger">‘Anyone can crack civil services exam’</a>: A number of myths surround the civil services and the UPSC examination. Some believe that only those having an excellent academic record can get into it while some think that it is easy for studentsR.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com14tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-91194134261586734392016-08-07T05:41:00.000-07:002016-08-07T09:35:01.846-07:00Prelims 2016 Answer Key<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oOj3fu3gN1o/V6cqa2t-lvI/AAAAAAAADI0/rAeQg--fMgI_P5ap4ai5Gpny6bwYJt04wCLcB/s1600/pg1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oOj3fu3gN1o/V6cqa2t-lvI/AAAAAAAADI0/rAeQg--fMgI_P5ap4ai5Gpny6bwYJt04wCLcB/s1600/pg1.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--cMFpW3amUM/V6cq7ag-d-I/AAAAAAAADJg/m7otbanm12Ml0Eiwy8GjF-HdngwoW3rWwCLcB/s1600/pg3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--cMFpW3amUM/V6cq7ag-d-I/AAAAAAAADJg/m7otbanm12Ml0Eiwy8GjF-HdngwoW3rWwCLcB/s1600/pg3.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0F1tdBeNZLQ/V6crDMEujZI/AAAAAAAADJo/OoBSI16uemM7xhG__xgDfYm1bV5giWslACLcB/s1600/pg4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0F1tdBeNZLQ/V6crDMEujZI/AAAAAAAADJo/OoBSI16uemM7xhG__xgDfYm1bV5giWslACLcB/s1600/pg4.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xCfQykgP8Zc/V6crCL463kI/AAAAAAAADJk/unp4z5hyHUAVX0v4IEHGeNsxll2ppim2gCLcB/s1600/pg5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xCfQykgP8Zc/V6crCL463kI/AAAAAAAADJk/unp4z5hyHUAVX0v4IEHGeNsxll2ppim2gCLcB/s1600/pg5.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XabaDNyoLNQ/V6crDmtG8YI/AAAAAAAADJs/cNbwTZBEPHEfp_0gDQMVYwNc5aKkAKuxQCLcB/s1600/pg6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XabaDNyoLNQ/V6crDmtG8YI/AAAAAAAADJs/cNbwTZBEPHEfp_0gDQMVYwNc5aKkAKuxQCLcB/s1600/pg6.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-L56LnOBL9Tc/V6crLk1rLDI/AAAAAAAADJ0/iRLFEsKcdys41V11OC5ln9avVZ5_6d6GACLcB/s1600/pg7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-L56LnOBL9Tc/V6crLk1rLDI/AAAAAAAADJ0/iRLFEsKcdys41V11OC5ln9avVZ5_6d6GACLcB/s1600/pg7.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oMklGerfh60/V6crM3qql-I/AAAAAAAADJ4/JAIDWm-X9cscAivCW9XdId5IUsVjJks3QCLcB/s1600/pg8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oMklGerfh60/V6crM3qql-I/AAAAAAAADJ4/JAIDWm-X9cscAivCW9XdId5IUsVjJks3QCLcB/s1600/pg8.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UyuA3AQRKFE/V6crNT1Mw4I/AAAAAAAADJ8/Q_lq7xIE_NQFAYvBDUOmA-SMrJudRBgTgCLcB/s1600/pg9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UyuA3AQRKFE/V6crNT1Mw4I/AAAAAAAADJ8/Q_lq7xIE_NQFAYvBDUOmA-SMrJudRBgTgCLcB/s1600/pg9.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g7_-RqX9Lx4/V6cqbUPj0KI/AAAAAAAADI8/H66Jev32Bh8cAXKxvsi33hZXedJv2nOKQCLcB/s1600/pg10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g7_-RqX9Lx4/V6cqbUPj0KI/AAAAAAAADI8/H66Jev32Bh8cAXKxvsi33hZXedJv2nOKQCLcB/s1600/pg10.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cEKiPqlTkzY/V6cqa8IUyAI/AAAAAAAADI4/mffKx2-aXKEDYlEm3IUaeMATeI1sWwkrwCLcB/s1600/pg11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cEKiPqlTkzY/V6cqa8IUyAI/AAAAAAAADI4/mffKx2-aXKEDYlEm3IUaeMATeI1sWwkrwCLcB/s1600/pg11.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jkrFdewNtcE/V6cqk8ksqNI/AAAAAAAADJE/38oddeLXNEYfWHcshcORK8p_TRSNv0PfQCLcB/s1600/pg12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jkrFdewNtcE/V6cqk8ksqNI/AAAAAAAADJE/38oddeLXNEYfWHcshcORK8p_TRSNv0PfQCLcB/s1600/pg12.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xppMkzu4kWc/V6cqjh944FI/AAAAAAAADJA/3KSwup6wg2s6YcfFtH2f-tWYf_MD0VqLACLcB/s1600/pg13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xppMkzu4kWc/V6cqjh944FI/AAAAAAAADJA/3KSwup6wg2s6YcfFtH2f-tWYf_MD0VqLACLcB/s1600/pg13.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SAjyTwL3IX8/V6cqlWLwnVI/AAAAAAAADJI/REVzhl9W_oo7yYtiR8lCqxVX8z-uPGNNwCLcB/s1600/pg14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SAjyTwL3IX8/V6cqlWLwnVI/AAAAAAAADJI/REVzhl9W_oo7yYtiR8lCqxVX8z-uPGNNwCLcB/s1600/pg14.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JHRmlt9vdSY/V6cqsr8h5XI/AAAAAAAADJM/y3zwhBq46YcdxUz5KiIhOXMf_Xw3KfzmACLcB/s1600/pg15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JHRmlt9vdSY/V6cqsr8h5XI/AAAAAAAADJM/y3zwhBq46YcdxUz5KiIhOXMf_Xw3KfzmACLcB/s1600/pg15.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c8PiCydic5A/V6cquFYoYvI/AAAAAAAADJQ/SU9oF6NjId8BSnaLUbNDtoTJzAra3cSeACLcB/s1600/pg16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c8PiCydic5A/V6cquFYoYvI/AAAAAAAADJQ/SU9oF6NjId8BSnaLUbNDtoTJzAra3cSeACLcB/s1600/pg16.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pJrmPSYnU_A/V6cqw79XyyI/AAAAAAAADJU/MGBz-YhzFCIzrCZ8Xj3yBaCW9_5LhJP7QCLcB/s1600/pg17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pJrmPSYnU_A/V6cqw79XyyI/AAAAAAAADJU/MGBz-YhzFCIzrCZ8Xj3yBaCW9_5LhJP7QCLcB/s1600/pg17.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4UsM2fV8Gtg/V6cq2M3PTFI/AAAAAAAADJY/0jZIqzEshC8sT6x10CQQbknneAijgLU4gCLcB/s1600/pg18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4UsM2fV8Gtg/V6cq2M3PTFI/AAAAAAAADJY/0jZIqzEshC8sT6x10CQQbknneAijgLU4gCLcB/s1600/pg18.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><span style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_19" o:spid="_x0000_i1042" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:468pt;height:9in;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_19" width="624" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1041" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;
height:9in;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3"
o:spid="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4"
o:spid="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5"
o:spid="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_5" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_6"
o:spid="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_6" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7"
o:spid="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8"
o:spid="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_8" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9"
o:spid="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_9" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10"
o:spid="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_10" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_11"
o:spid="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_11" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_12"
o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image023.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_12" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13"
o:spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_13" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_14"
o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_14" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_15"
o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_15" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_16"
o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_16" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_17"
o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image033.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_17" width="624" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_18"
o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:468pt;height:9in;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Elcot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="864" src="file:///C:/Users/Elcot/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_18" width="624" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com111tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-38273992686140609752016-08-01T04:29:00.000-07:002016-09-29T04:51:10.419-07:0010 Things to do in the Exam Hall for Success in UPSC Exam<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">R.A.IsraelJebasingh IAS</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Director, Officers IAS Academy, Chennai.<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><u>First</u><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;"> A day of a District Collector has ups and downs. There may be some good
news item in newspaper praising about your work. Within an hour there may be
some bomb blast in your district.The District Collector should neither start
jumping seeing the positive news item nor should start shivering hearing bad incidents.
He is expected to approach both equally without over reaction.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;">Similarly in the Exam Hall 5 consecutive questions may be known to you
or 5 consecutive questions may be unknown to you. Don’t over react for both.
Approach like a District Collector if you want to become a District Collector.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><u>Second</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;"> Attempt maximum number of questions. If you can eliminate 2 choices out
of 4 choices and do not know to choose between the 2, please don’t leave it.
Attempt it. Probability of getting it right is in your favour. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><u>Third</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;">Questions will be simple with no ambiguity. Don’t assume UPSC cannot
simple questions and complicate it by over thinking. In reality questions are
simple and direct in UPSC exam.Don’t think too much.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 90%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><u>Fourth</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 90%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;">In the first round you may know only 30% sure answers. Put a tick if
you attempt a</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;"> question in your Question Paper so that while coming on 2<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.5pt; position: relative; top: -8.5pt;">nd</span></sup> and 3<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.5pt; position: relative; top: -8.5pt;">rd</span></sup> rounds you won’t waste time in identifying
unanswered questions. </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><u>Fifth</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;"> Ensure the Question Series(say A series or B series or C series or D
series) is correctly shaded in the coding sheet or else all answers may go
wrong. The Hall Invigilator will also check. But check atleast 5 times whether
you have shaded the correct one.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><u>Sixth</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;"> In the exam hall be bold and confident. If you don’t know 3 consecutive
questions, have a firm belief that people around you won’t know 9 consecutive
questions. Be relaxed and cool. If you start shivering then you are out of
race. So assume that you are the most intelligent candidate who is taking
prelims and if you don’t know all others will definitely definitely will not
know. Strongly believe it.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 90%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><u>Seventh</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;">Keep a look on your watch now and then. By 40<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.5pt; position: relative; top: -8.5pt;">th</span></sup> minute you should have crossed </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;"> the </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -18pt;">50th
question.This will give you time for 2</span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.5pt; position: relative; top: -8.5pt;">nd</span></sup><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -18pt;">and 3</span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: 8.5pt; position: relative; top: -8.5pt;">rd</span></sup><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -18pt;">rounds</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 90%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><u>Eighth</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;"> Take deep breathing frequently in the exam hall so that you are full of
oxygen. This will help you to relax and be cool and approach the questions in
the correct manner.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 90%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><u>Ninth</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;"> Watch out whether the question has ‘NOT’. Say </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;">Which of the following is not a Monetary tool used by RBI</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;">(a) CRR (b) SLR (c) Tax (d) Repo</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;"> Many a times candidates miss out the key words like
NOT in the questions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 90%;"><u>Tenth</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 90%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;"> While eliminating questions which are not sure shot questions, you
distance yourself and assume if your Role Model would have eliminated, how he
would have done. Your role model may be some senior of you who cleared the
civil service exam comfortably. This will reduce the stress in you and approach
it rightly.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 90%;">Thank you and Best Wishes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 90%;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-83629224643947438202016-07-31T23:37:00.003-07:002016-07-31T23:37:44.257-07:00IMPORTANT CURRENT AFFAIRS FOR PRELIMS 2016 : PART 2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Vermin tag arbitrary, welfare board tells
Supreme Court</span></b> :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br />
The Supreme Court has asked animal rights organisations to make representations
before the Centre<br />
regarding three notifications declaring nilgais, monkeys and wild boar as
vermin, with the Animal Welfare Board of India terming the government’s step an
arbitrary decision.<br />
<b>Background:<br />
</b>Animal Welfare Board had questioned the notification of the Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change declaring nilgais, monkeys and wild boar as vermin
for one year in Bihar, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. It has also termed
this as an arbitrary decision.<br />
<b>About Animal Welfare Board of India:</b><br />
The Animal Welfare Board of India is a statutory advisory body advising the
Government of India on animal welfare laws, and promotes animal welfare in the
country of India.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Animal Welfare Board
of India was established in 1960 under Section 4 of The <b>Prevention of</b><br />
<b>Cruelty to Animals Act,1960</b>.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Board consists of 28
Members, who serve for a period of 3 years.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> It works to ensure that
animal welfare laws in the country are followed and provides grants to Animal Welfare Organisations.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Board was initially
within the jurisdiction of the Government of India’s Ministry of Food and<br />
Agriculture. In 1990, the subject of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was
transferred to the Ministry of Environment and Forests, where it now resides.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Board was initially
within the jurisdiction of the Government of India’s Ministry of Food and<br />
Agriculture. In 1990, the subject of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was
transferred to the Ministry of Environment and Forests, where it now resides.</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Centre notifies amended RBI Act to usher in MPC</span></b><br />
The government has moved to give statutory backing to the monetary policy
committee (MPC). In this regard, the centre has notified the changes made to
the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Act.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> This paves the way for a
resetting of the monetary policy framework that will shift the responsibility
of maintaining inflation targets on a six-member panel, with the Reserve Bank
of India (RBI) governor getting a casting vote in case of a tie.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> According
to the monetary policy framework, agreed by RBI and the government last year,
the central bank will look to contain inflation within a band of 4% plus/minus 2 percentage
points from next year.<br />
<b>Background:</b><br />
The idea of setting up an MPC was mooted by an RBI-appointed committee led by
deputy governor Urjit Patel in February 2014 though that committee had recommended
a five-member committee where three members would be from RBI and two external
members would be appointed by the RBI governor and the deputy governor
in-charge.<br />
<b>MPC:</b><br />
It is a six member panel which will have the responsibility of maintaining
inflation targets. The MPC will set interest rates to keep retail inflation
within targets. Inflation targets will be set once every five years.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Committee is to meet
four times a year and make public its decisions following each meeting.<br />
<b>Composition:</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The committee will have
six members. Of the six members, the government will nominate three. The<br />
RBI Governor will chair the committee. The governor, however, will not enjoy a
veto power to overrule the other panel members, but will have a casting vote in case of a tie. No
government official will be nominated to the MPC.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The other three members
would be from the RBI with the governor being the ex-officio chairperson.<br />
Deputy governor of RBI in charge of the monetary policy will be a member, as
also an executive director of the central bank. Decisions will be taken by majority vote with each member
having a vote.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The government nominees
to the MPC will be selected by a Search-cum-Selection Committee under<br />
Cabinet Secretary with RBI Governor and Economic Affairs Secretary and three
experts in the field of economics or banking or finance or monetary policy as its members.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Members of the MPC will
be appointed for a period of four years and shall not be eligible for<br />
reappointment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red;">3. National Skill Development Mission:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The National Skill
Development Mission aims to provide a strong institutional framework at the
Centre and States for implementation of skilling activities in the country.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Mission will have a
three-tiered, high powered decision making structure. At its apex, the
Mission’s Governing Council, chaired by the Prime Minister, will provide
overall guidance and policy direction.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Steering Committee,
chaired by Minister in Charge of Skill Development, will review the Mission’s activities in line with the direction set by the Governing Council. The Mission
Directorate, with Secretary,<br />
Skill Development as Mission Director, will ensure implementation, coordination
and convergence of<br />
skilling activities across Central Ministries/Departments and State Governments.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Mission will also run
select sub-missions in high priority areas.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The National Skill
Development Agency (NSDA), the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) and the Directorate of Training will function under the overall guidance of the
Mission.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Ministry of Skill
Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) provides a natural home for the<br />
Mission, organically linking all three decisions making levels and facilitating
linkages to all Central<br />
Ministries/Departments and State Governments.</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Hindus from Pakistan, Bangladesh will get to claim Indian
citizenship</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
The home ministry has prepared draft amendments to citizenship law that will
exempt minority citizens of Pakistan and Bangladesh who have come to India out
of fear of religious persecution from being tagged as “<b>illegal migrants</b>“.<br />
<b>Details:</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The changes to the <b>Citizenship
Act, 1955</b>, will give a legal path to the refugees to remain in India and even claim citizenship.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> As per the proposed
amendments to Citizenship Act, <b>December 31, 2014 will be designated as the </b><b>cut-off date for refugees </b>to be eligible to apply for citizenship.</div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span>
Also, Section 2 (1)(b) of the Act will have a provision that will exempt such
citizens from being deemed “illegal migrants”.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Besides, the government
is also looking at simultaneous amendments to the Passport (Entry into India) Act,
1920 and Foreigners Act, 1946.<br />
<b>Way ahead:</b><br />
The draft will shortly be shortly sent to the cabinet for its approval.<br />
<b>Implications:</b><br />
The move stands to benefit nearly 2 lakh Hindus from Pakistan and Bangladesh
who often complain they are treated as “second-class citizens” and are
vulnerable to violence. They have also often found themselves at the receiving
end of blasphemy laws .</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. THE SEXUAL
HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE (PREVENTION, PROHIBITION AND REDRESSAL) ACT
2013:</span></b><span style="color: red;"><br />
</span>The Act seeks to cover all women, irrespective of their age or
employment status and protect them against sexual harassment at all workplaces
both in public and private sector, whether organized or unorganized.<br />
<b>Some important provisions of the Act:</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Act defines sexual
harassment at the work place and creates a mechanism for redressal of<br />
complaints. It also provides safeguards against false or malicious charges.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The definition of
“aggrieved woman”, who will get protection under the Act is extremely wide to
cover all women, irrespective of her age or employment status, whether in the
organized or unorganized sectors, public or private and covers clients, customers and domestic workers
as well.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Along with the
traditional office set-up where there is a clear employer-employee
relationship, the Act also includes organisations, department, office, branch
unit etc. in the public and private sector,<br />
organized and unorganized, hospitals, nursing homes, educational institutions,
sports institutes,<br />
stadiums, sports complex and any place visited by the employee during the
course of employment<br />
including the transportation.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Every employer is
required to constitute an Internal Complaints Committee at each office or
branch with 10 or more employees. The District Officer is required to
constitute a Local Complaints Committee at each district, and if required at
the block level.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Committee is required
to complete the inquiry within a time period of 90 days. On completion of the inquiry, the report will be sent to the employer or the District Officer,
as the case may be, they are mandated to take action on the report within 60 days.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Complaints Committees
have the powers of civil courts for gathering evidence. The Complaints Committees are required to provide for conciliation before initiating an
inquiry, if requested by the complainant.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Penalties have been
prescribed for employers. Non-compliance with the provisions of the Act shall
be<br />
punishable with a fine of up to 50,000. Repeated violations may lead to higher
penalties and cancellation of licence or registration to conduct business.<br />
<b>What is sexual harassment?</b><br />
Sexual harassment includes physical contact and advances, demand or request for
sexual favours, sexually coloured remarks, showing any pornography and any
other unwelcome physical, verbal, non-verbal conductof a sexual nature.
Besides, implied or explicit promise of preferential or detrimental treatment
inemployment, implied or explicit threat about her present or future employment
status, interference with herwork and humiliating treatment likely to affect
her health or safety may also amount to sexual harassment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. 1st Meeting of National Committee on Ramayana
Circuit & Krishna Circuit under Swadesh</span></b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>Darshan Scheme</b></span><span style="color: red;"><br />
</span>The 1st Meeting of National Committee on Ramayan Circuit and National
Committee on Krishna Circuit<br />
under Swadesh Darshan Scheme of Ministry of Tourism was recently held under the
chairmanship of the<br />
Minister of Tourism & Culture Dr. Mahesh Sharma.<br />
<b>Key facts:</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Under Ramayana Circuit,
11 destinations spread across 6 states have been proposed. The destinations covered are: Ayodhya, Nandigram, Shringhverpur & Chitrakoot (Uttar
Pradesh); Sitamarhi, Buxar & Darbhanga (Bihar); Jagdalpur (Chattisgarh); Bhadrachalam (Telangana); Hampi
(Karnataka); and Rameshwaram (Tamil Nadu). Expert committee has suggested to include Chitrakoot
(Madhya Pradesh), Nashik & Nagpur (Maharashtra) and Mahendragiri (Odisha) in the proposed
circuit.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Under Krishna circuit, 12
destinations spread across 5 states have been proposed. The destinations<br />
covered are: Dwarka (Gujarat); Nathdwara, Jaipur & Sikar (Rajasthan);
Kurukshetra (Haryana),<br />
Mathura, Vrindavan, Gokul, Barsana, Nandgaon & Govardhan (Uttar Pradesh);
Puri (Odisha). The<br />
destinations were approved by the expert committee.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br />
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Swadesh Darshan scheme:</span></b><br />
The Ministry of Tourism has launched the Swadesh Darshan Scheme in 2014-15 with
an aim to develop theme based tourist circuits in the country on the principles
of high tourist value, competitiveness and sustainability in an integrated
manner by synergizing efforts to focus on needs and concerns of all
stakeholders to enrich tourist experience and enhance employment opportunities.<br />
Under the Swadesh Darshan scheme, <b>thirteen thematic circuits have been
identified</b>, for development<br />
namely: North-East India Circuit, Buddhist Circuit, Himalayan Circuit, Coastal
Circuit, Krishna Circuit,<br />
Desert Circuit, Tribal Circuit, Eco Circuit, Wildlife Circuit, Rural Circuit,
Spiritual Circuit, Ramayana Circuit<br />
and Heritage Circuit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7.New education policy draft clashes with RTE</span></b><br />
Several recommendations in the draft National Education Policy, 2016 will require
amendments to the Right to Education Act, 2009.<br />
Details:<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The draft National
Education Policy insisting on “consolidation”, proposes merging “small,
non-viable” schools. This subverts the RTE Act on neighbourhood schools being located “<b>within
a walking </b><b>distance of one kilometre</b>” for children attending Classes 1 to 5.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The draft emphasizes “school
mapping” – as opposed to RTE’s “<b>child-mapping</b>” – but stresses that for children attending “non-viable” schools, transport must be provided.</div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span>
The proposal to extend the 25% economically weaker section quota in private
schools to minority<br />
institutions will also need an amendment. The committee notes that number of
schools claiming<br />
religious or linguistic minority status has increased tremendously.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The RTE mandates a <b>no-detention
policy -banning grade-repetition -till Class VIII</b>; the draft<br />
wants it limited to Class V. Its recommendations cover remedial classes “by
school teachers or<br />
volunteers” and supplementary examinations.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The committee suggests
amending the RTE to “provide, in addition to infrastructure, learning outcomenorms
that affect quality of education”, a longstanding private school demand.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. Draft forest policy out, brace for green tax</span></b>
:<br />
The environment ministry has come out with a <b>draft National Forest Policy
(NFP)</b>. The policy is aimed at facilitating ecologically responsible behaviour among stakeholders. The draft
policy has been prepared by the Bhopal-based Indian Institute of Forest
Management (IIFM).<br />
<b>Highlights:</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The policy proposes levy
of a green tax and calls for safeguarding forest land by exercising strict
restraint on diversion for non-forestry purposes like mining and industrial
projects and practising responsible eco-tourism in forest areas to ensure
safety of wildlife.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> It aims to bring a
minimum one-third of India’s total geographical area under forest or tree cover
through scientific interventions and enforcing strict rules to protect the
dense cover.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The new policy will
replace the existing one that has been guiding the government to manage forests since 1988.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> On generating resources
to manage the forest cover, the draft policy said the budget of the forestry
sector should be appropriately enhanced so that the objectives enshrined in this
policy can be achieved. The policy will guide the forest management of the
country for the next 25-30 years.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The policy also proposes
to levy environmental cess, green tax, carbon tax etc. on certain products and services.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> On the contentious issue
of diversion of forests for mining and industrial projects, the draft policy
said, “Forest land diversion projects related to mining, quarrying,
construction of dams, roads and other linear infrastructure needs to adopt
special caution. Use of state-of-the-art technology which causes minimum pollution
and damage should be promoted.”<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The draft policy also
called for developing “sound eco-tourism models” with the focus on conservation
while supplementing the livelihood needs of local communities. “<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The policy envisages that
a national implementation framework be put in place within six months of the notification,
to deliver on the commitments. It also urged states to formulate their forest
policies and prepare an implementation framework.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The policy also
emphasised on large-scale expansion of agro-forestry and farm forestry through<br />
incentives and operational support systems such as lowering input costs and
enabling access to<br />
reasonably priced quality planting material.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9. Jews In Maharashtra To Get Minority Status</span></b>
:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br />
Maharashtra government has approved a proposal to grant minority status to Jews
in the state. The decision was taken at a meeting of the state Cabinet, chaired
by Chief Minister.<br />
<b>Details:</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> After being officially
recognised as a minority community, the Jews would enjoy several privileges
like other minority communities.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> This decision will
benefit students from these communities to avail scholarships from the state<br />
government and setting up of educational institutions.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> It would become easier
for them to register their marriages. They would also be able to set up their
own educational institutes and practice and promote their culture.<br />
<b>Background:</b><br />
Jews have been a part of the Indian society for over 2,300 years now. According
to 2001 Census, the number of Jews living in India was 4,650 with 2,466 of them
residing in Maharashtra. The Jews of Manipur and Mizoram identify themselves as
Beni Menashe. There are also some in Andhra Pradesh who call themselves Bene
Ephraim Jews. India is one of the few countries in the world where Jews have
never faced any harassment or persecution.</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10. National Mineral Exploration Policy (NMEP) </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has approved
the National Mineral Exploration Policy (NMEP).<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The NMEP primarily aims
at accelerating the exploration activity in the country through enhanced<br />
participation of the private sector.<br />
<b>Highlights:</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The policy emphasizes on
making available baseline geoscientific data of world standards in the public domain, quality research in a public-private partnership, special initiatives
for search of deep-seated and concealed deposits, quick aerogeophysical surveys of the country, and creation
of a dedicated geosciences database etc.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Ministry of Mines
will carry out auctioning of identified exploration blocks for exploration by
private sector on revenue sharing basis in case their exploration leads to auctionable
resources. The revenue will be borne by the successful bidder of those
auctionable blocks.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> If the explorer agencies
do not discover any auctionable resources, their exploration expenditure will
be reimbursed on normative cost basis.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Government will carry out
a National Aerogeophysical Program for acquiring state-of-the-art baseline data for targeting concealed mineral deposits.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> A National Geoscientific
Data Repository is proposed to be set up to collate all baseline and mineral exploration information generated by various central & state government
agencies and also mineral concession holders and to maintain these on geospatial database.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Government proposes to
establish a not-for-profit autonomous institution that will be known as the<br />
National Centre for Mineral Targeting (NCMT) in collaboration with scientific
and research bodies,<br />
universities and industry for scientific and technological research to address
the mineral exploration<br />
challenges in the country.</div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span>
There are also provisions for inviting private investment in exploration
through attractive revenue<br />
sharing models.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> On the lines of UNCOVER
project of Australia, the government intends to launch a special initiative to probe deep-seated/ concealed minerals deposits in the country in collaboration
with National Geophysical Research Institute and the proposed NCMT and Geoscience Australia.<br />
In order to implement the recommendations of the NMEP, initially an amount of
about Rs.2116 crore over 5 years would be required over and above the annual
plan budget of the Geological Survey of India under the Ministry of Mines. The
NMEP will benefit the entire mineral sector across the country.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">11. Middle-aged smoke and drink the most: Survey</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
According to data from the Sample Registration System (SRS) Baseline Survey 2014,
released by the Registrar General of India, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh had
the highest proportions among people who reported to be smokers and alcohol
drinkers respectively.<br />
<b>Highlights of the survey:</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> A fourth of West Bengal
men smoke and a third of Chhattisgarh men drink — the highest among the 21 ‘bigger
states’ for which data is available.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Maharashtra has the
lowest proportion of male smokers and drinkers, at 2% and 2.7%.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> There are more smokers
(11.4%) than drinkers (10%).<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> People in the age group
45-59 reported the highest proportion both in smoking and drinking while the 15-29 age group reported the lowest.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The numbers are
significantly low for women — a mere 0.7% of total women, for both smoking and drinking. At 3%, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh have the highest proportion of
female drinkers.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> 13 of the 21 states have
more drinkers than smokers, including Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Telangana —
where the difference is the highest.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Caste-wise, reported
drinking is more among men belonging to the Scheduled Tribes (18.2%). This can explain why Chhattisgarh tops the drinking list, as the State has a large
adivasi population.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Smoking is most prevalent
among the Scheduled Castes (16.3%).<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Overall, 1.4% people
reported to have quit smoking and drinking. For every seven men who smoke and for
every eight men who drink, there is one who has quit the respective habit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red;">University Grants Commission (UGC):</span></b><br />
The University Grants Commission (UGC) of India is a <b>statutory body </b>set
up in 1956, and is charged with coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of higher education.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> It provides recognition
to universities in India, and disburses funds to such recognized universities
and colleges.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Previously, UGC was
formed in 1946 to oversee the work of the three Central Universities of
Aligarh, Banaras and, Delhi. In 1947, the Committee was entrusted with the
responsibility of dealing with all the then existing Universities.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> After independence, the
University Education Commission was set up in 1948 under the Chairmanship of S. Radhakrishnan and it recommended that the UGC be reconstituted on the
general model of the University Grants Commission of the United Kingdom.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The UGC was however,
formally established in November 1956, by an Act of Parliament as a statutory body of the Government of India.</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12. Use of potassium bromate as food additive banned:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
The government has banned the use of potassium bromate as a food additive
following a Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) study that found its
presence in bread caused cancer.<br />
<b>Background:</b><br />
A recent study had found that 84% of 38 commonly available brands of pre-packaged
breads, including pav and buns, tested positive for potassium bromate and
potassium iodate. The two food additives are banned in many countries and are
listed as “hazardous” to public health. According to the study, potassium
bromated typically increases dough strength, leads to higher rising and gives
uniform finish to baked products.<br />
Potassium iodate is a flour treatment agent.<br />
<b>What is Potassium Bromate and how it
works?</b><br />
It is added to wheat flour to strengthen the dough and to allow it to rise higher.
It bleaches the dough and increases its elasticity by making tiny bubbles that
help the bread rise.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> However, the real problem
arises when bromate flour isn’t baked for long enough or at a high enough temperature, or if too much potassium bromate is added in the first place.<br />
<b>Health impacts:</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The chemical is said to
cause renal tubular tumours (adenomas and carcinomas) thyroid follicular<br />
tumours peritoneal mesotheliomas in laboratory animals.</div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span>
Also, long-term carcinogenicity studies and in vivo and in vitro mutagenicity
studies showed that<br />
potassium bromate was a “genotoxic carcinogen” or a chemical agent that damaged
genetic information, causing mutations.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;">13. National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></span>
NPPA is an organization of the Government of India which was established, inter
alia, to fix/ revise the prices of controlled bulk drugs and formulations and
to enforce prices and availability of the medicines in the country, under the
Drugs (Prices Control) Order, 1995.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The organization is also
entrusted with the task of recovering amounts overcharged by manufacturersfor the controlled drugs from the consumers. It also monitors the prices of
decontrolled drugs in order<br />
to keep them at reasonable levels.<br />
<b>Functions of National Pharmaceutical
Pricing Authority:<br />
</b><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> To implement and enforce
the provisions of the Drugs (Prices Control) Order in accordance with the powers delegated to it.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> To deal with all legal
matters arising out of the decisions of the Authority.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> To monitor the
availability of drugs, identify shortages, if any, and to take remedial steps.</div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span>
To collect/ maintain data on production, exports and imports, market share of
individual companies, profitability of companies etc, for bulk drugs and formulations.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> To undertake and/ or
sponsor relevant studies in respect of pricing of drugs/ pharmaceuticals.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> To recruit/ appoint the
officers and other staff members of the Authority, as per rules and procedures laid down by the Government.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> To render advice to the
Central Government on changes/ revisions in the drug policy.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> To render assistance to
the Central Government in the parliamentary matters relating to the drug<br />
pricing.</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">14. About NIIF:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
National Infrastructure and Investment Fund (NIIF) was set up as a trust with a
corpus of Rs 20,000 crore.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Fund aims to attract
investment from both domestic and international sources.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The government’s
contribution would be limited to 49% of the subscribed capital.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The government will seek
participation from strategic investors such as sovereign fund, quasi sovereign funds
and multilateral or bilateral investors, which can help leverage this fund to
many times.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Cash-rich PSUs, pension
funds, provident funds, National Small Saving Fund will be able to pick up
stake in the fund.</div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span>
The objective of NIIF is to maximize economic impact mainly through
infrastructure development in commercially viable projects, both greenfield and brownfield, including stalled
projects, NIIF would solicit equity participation from strategic anchor partners.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Sovereign funds and
pension funds from a number of countries, including the U.K., UAE, Russia and Singapore, have already expressed interest in investing in NIIF. India and the
UAE signed a pact to mobilise up to $75 billion long-term investment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">15. Soon, an e-drop box for kids to report abuse :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
The ministry of women and child development (WCD) is working on an e-dropbox
that will let children<br />
complain about abuse, molestation or harassment in everyday situations in school,
bus, tuition classes or at home. Simple language, pictures and icons will be
used to ensure that even young children can use this facility.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The e-dropbox will be
hosted on the website of National Commission for Protection of Child Rights<br />
(NCPCR). The icons and the response system are being designed by the
commission.<br />
<b>Background:</b><br />
The project was inspired by Delhi Police’s ‘Operation Nirbheek’, under which
complaint boxes were placed in different schools, allowing girls to anonymously
complain about any abuse. Many of the complaints were converted into FIRs. They
helped bring to light incidents of abuse at homes and schools that children
were too scared or inhibited to speak about.<br />
<b>Why this is necessary?</b><br />
A 2007 government study found that more than 53% of children in India are
subjected to sexual abuse, but most don’t report the assault to anyone. The
survey, carried out across 13 states and with a sample size of 12,447, revealed
that 53.22% of children reported having faced one or more forms of sexual
abuse, with Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Assam and Delhi reporting the highest
percentage of such incidents. In 50% of the child abuse cases, the abusers were
known to the child or were in a position of trust, and most children didnot
report the matter to anyone.</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">16. Crime drops as Chittoor embraces community policing in a big way</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
With 4,500 volunteers enrolled as Community Police Officers (CPOs) in just five
months, the community policing effort launched by the Chittoor district police in Andhra Pradesh has
evoked an overwhelming response. Professionals, including doctors, lawyers and engineers and students
have signed up to help in various aspects of policing.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> CPOs are being used in
almost all areas of policing, including crime, traffic regulation, night beats,<br />
security duties, road accidents, data entry and operations against red sanders
smuggling.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<b>Who are CPOs?</b><br />
CPOs are community police officers who do not require any education qualification.
They should be just above 18 years of age with good health and clean
background. Women and transgenders can also be CPOs. After preliminary training, the CPOs would also be eligible for special orientation
in their field of interest.The concept’s motto is to promote people-friendly
policing where there will be zero crime rate.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b>What is prior referral category?</b><br />
Prior referral category (PRC) country means visas are issued by the respective
Indian missions and consulates after running a thorough background check on
individual applicants.<br />
<b>Countries</b> in PRC:<br />
Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq, foreigners of Pakistani origin and stateless persons
come under the restrictedcategory, requiring prior security clearance from the
intelligence agencies for obtaining a visa.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">17. India signs agreement with IBRD :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
The Government of India and the World Bank have signed a US$ 9.2 million grant
agreement under the World Bank-Global Environment Facility (GEF) Program for the Efficient and
Sustainable City Bus Service Project to improve the efficiency and attractiveness of bus services in select
Indian cities.<br />
<b>Key facts:</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The project will
demonstrate low cost high impact initiatives in efficient bus operations by
focusing on modernizing city bus services through modern depots for improving the
maintenance of buses; introducing modern Intelligent Transport Systems and Management Information
Systems for better planning and management of operations; and by providing
technical support to vehicles and drivers for better fuel efficiency, among others.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Demonstration cities
where the various initiatives for improving city bus services will be
undertaken are Mira Bhayandar in Maharashtra, Chandigarh, Jaipur, and Bhopal.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> This project will
complement the Government of India’s Bus Funding Scheme launched to promote public transport by supporting cities to modernize their bus services.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The initiatives for
modernizing city bus transport services under this project will also help
select cities reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) while offering practical transport
solutions.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The project is designed
to specifically focus on identifying regulatory, institutional and fiscal
constraints to operation of sustainable city bus services and address the weak
capacity in the urban bus sector and facilitate the development of a vibrant
urban bus sector community through the development of a comprehensive capacity
building program.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">18. India joins The Hague Code of Conduct :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
India has joined The <b>Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile
Proliferation (HCoC)</b>.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> India’s joining the Code
signals its readiness to further strengthen the global non-proliferation
regimes.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The government has also
made it clear that this joining will not have any impact on the national
security as well as country’s missile programmes.<br />
<b>About HCoC:</b><br />
HCoC is a global ballistic missile proliferation regime established in 2002. It
is a <b>voluntary legally nonbinding multilateral body </b>aimed at preventing
the spread of ballistic missiles that can deliver weapons of mass destruction.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> It is the <b>only
multilateral code in the area of disarmament </b>which has been adopted over
the last<br />
years. It is the only normative instrument to verify the spread of ballistic
missiles.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The HCOC <b>does not ban
ballistic missiles</b>, but it does call for restraint in their production,
testing,<br />
and export. Presently, there are 137 signatories.</div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span>
The Code is meant to <b>supplement the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)
</b>but its<br />
membership is not restricted. Under the Code, States make politically binding
commitments to curb the proliferation of WMD-capable ballistic missiles and to exercise maximum
restraint in developing,<br />
testing, and deploying such missiles.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Given the similarities
between the technologies used in ballistic missiles and civilian rockets, the
Code also introduces transparency measures such as annual declarations and
pre-launch notifications<br />
regarding ballistic missile and space launch programs.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> <b>Austria is the
administrative Central Contact of the Code</b>, coordinating the information<br />
exchange under HCOC.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">19. Crucial meetings await Parrikar on sidelines of
Shangri-La Dialogue :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></span>
</span>Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar is in Singapore to attend the 15th <b>Shangri-La
Dialogue</b>. On the<br />
sidelines, he will also be holding crucial meetings with his counterparts from
France and the U.S.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Shangri-La Dialogue <b>hosted
annually by independent think-tank International Institute</b><br />
<b>for Strategic Studies</b>, is being held from June 3-5.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> It is attended by defence
ministers and military chiefs of 28 Asia-Pacific countries besides those of
other countries.<br />
<b>What is the Shangri-La Dialogue?</b><br />
The dialogue, also called as IISS Asia Security Summit, was launched in 2002 by
British think tank the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Singaporean government.
This annual dialogue brings together defence ministers and military chiefs from
28 Asia-Pacific countries to talk about security in the region. It gets its
name from the location of the meeting, the Shangri-La hotel in Singapore.<br />
<b>Why is the Shangri-La Dialogue
important?</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The dialogue gathers
military representatives from some of the world’s most powerful countries to<br />
discuss pressing and significant defence and security issues.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The meeting is a chance
for defence ministers, military chiefs and high-ranking defence officials to
hold bilateral meetings on its sidelines.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> It is also attended by
legislators, academic experts, journalists and business delegates from around
the globe, making it a vehicle for public policy development and discussions on
defence and security in the Asia-Pacific.</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">20. India, U.S. to ratify Paris deal by 2017 :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
India and the U.S have agreed to initiate domestic processes to ratify the Paris
Agreement on climate change — negotiated by over 190 countries in December 2015
— and complete the process within this year .</div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
What are conference visas?<br />
Conference visas are issued for seminars, workshops and conferences organised
by government departments, Union ministries, public sector undertakings,
central educational institutions or public funded universities.<br />
<b>What is prior referral category?</b><br />
Prior referral category (PRC) country means visas are issued by the respective
Indian missions and consulates after running a thorough background check on
individual applicants.<br />
<b>Countries in PRC:</b><br />
Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq, foreigners of Pakistani origin and stateless persons
come under the restricted category, requiring prior security clearance from the
intelligence agencies for obtaining a visa.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">21. India eyes uranium from Africa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
India is planning to ask African countries to relax commitment to the <b>Pelindaba
Treaty </b>which controls supply of uranium from key mineral hubs of Africa to the rest of the world. As
part of this, President Pranab Mukherjee would begin the process by trying to
convince Namibia in his upcoming trip, to implement a bilateral treaty with
India and supply uranium to Indian nuclear energy projects.<br />
<b>Background:</b><br />
India and Namibia signed two MoUs on Cooperation in the field of geology and
mineral resources and Cooperation in peaceful uses of nuclear energy during the visit of President
Hifikepunye Lucas Pohamba to India in 2009. However, the Pelindaba Treaty has
prevented it from ratifying the agreements. Namibia is the fourth largest
producer of uranium. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br />
<b>About Pelindaba treaty:</b><br />
The Pelindaba Treaty signed in 1996, also known as the <b>African Nuclear
Weapon Free Zone Treaty</b>, aims at <b>preventing nuclear proliferation and preventing strategic minerals
of Africa from </b><b>being exported freely</b>. The treaty was signed in 1996 and came into
effect with the 28th ratification on 15 July 2009.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Treaty prohibits the <b>research,
development, manufacture, stockpiling, acquisition,</b><br />
<b>testing, possession, control or stationing </b>of nuclear explosive devices
in the territory of parties to<br />
the Treaty and the dumping of radioactive wastes in the African zone by Treaty
parties.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The Treaty also prohibits
any attack against nuclear installations in the zone by Treaty parties and<br />
requires them to maintain the highest standards of physical protection of
nuclear material, facilities and equipment, which are to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> It also requires all
parties to apply <b>full-scope International Atomic Energy Agency</b> <b>safeguards
</b>to all their peaceful nuclear activities.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> It covers the entire
African continent along with few islands. Presently, the treaty has been
ratified by 40 countries.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">22. Shanghai meet crucial for NSG nod :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
Prime Minister Narendra Modi is expected to meet with Russian President Vladimir
Putin, Chinese President Xi Jinping as well as Central Asian leaders, including
Kazakh President Nazarbayev in Tashkent on the sidelines of the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization (SCO) summit, to make a final attempt to push through India’s
NSG membership. India is slated to join the SCO after its membership was
approved last year.<br />
<b>About the Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation (SCO):<br />
</b>It is a Eurasian political, economic and military organisation which was
founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. These countries, except for Uzbekistan, had
been members of the <b>Shanghai Five</b>, founded in 1996; after the inclusion
of Uzbekistan in 2001, the members renamed the organisation.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The SCO is seen as a
counter to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> With observer states
included, its affiliates account for about half of the world’s population.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The SCO has established
relations with the United Nations, where it is an observer in the General<br />
Assembly, the European Union, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),
the Commonwealth<br />
of Independent States and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> India and Pakistan were
accepted as full members of the organization in July 2015.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Afghanistan, Belarus,
Iran and Mongolia enjoy observer status.</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red;">23. Regional Comprehensive Economic
Partnership:</span></b><br />
The RCEP is among the proposed three mega FTAs in the world so far – the other
two being the TPP (Trans Pacific Partnership, led by the US) and the TTIP
(Trans -atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership between the US and the EU).<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The agreement is proposed
between the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
(Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam) and the six states with which ASEAN has existing
FTAs (Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea and New Zealand).<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> RCEP negotiations were
formally launched in November 2012 at the ASEAN Summit in Cambodia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">24. India sets sights on gold in ocean</span></b><br />
The Union Cabinet has given its approval for signing of a 15-year contract by
the Ministry of Earth Sciences with the <b>International Seabed Authority (ISA)
</b>for undertaking exploration and other developmental activities related to <b>polymetallic
sulphides </b>in the allotted area of 10,000 sq km.<br />
<b>Key facts:</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> By signing the contract,
India’s exclusive rights for exploration of polymetallic sulphides in the <b>allotted </b><b>area in the Central Indian Ridge, and South West Indian Ridge in Indian
Ocean will be</b><br />
<b>formalized</b>.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> It will also enhance
India’s presence in the Indian Ocean where other players like China, Korea and Germany are active.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The program will be
implemented by the <b>Ministry of Earth Sciences </b>with the participation of
various national institutes and research laboratories and organisations.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Previously, in 2002, the
government was granted permission only to explore ocean regions and prospect for
precious metals.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br />
<b>What are PMS?</b><br />
Deep seabed polymetallic sulphides (PMS) containing iron, copper, zinc, silver,
gold, platinum in variable constitutions are precipitates of hot fluids from upwelling hot magma from deep
interior of the oceanic crust discharged through mineralized chimneys. PMS in
the Ocean Ridges have attracted worldwide attention for their long term commercial
as well as strategic value.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Initial estimated
resource of polymetallic nodules on the site retained by India on the central
Indian<br />
Ocean basin is 380 million tonnes with 0.55 tonnes of cobalt, 4.7 tonnes of
nickel, 4.29 tonnes of copper and 92.59 tonnes of manganese.<br />
<b>About ISA:</b><br />
The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is an intergovernmental body based in
Kingston, Jamaica, that was established to organize, regulate and control all
mineral-related activities in the international seabed area beyond the limits
of national jurisdiction, an area underlying most of the world’s oceans.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> It is an organization
established by the 1982 <b>United Nations Law of the Sea Convention</b>. It was<br />
established in 1994.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> ISA governs non-living
resources of seabed lying in international waters.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">25. International
Continental Scientific Drilling Program:</span></b><br />
It is a multinational program to further and fund geosciences in the field of
Continental Scientific Drilling. It was founded in February 1996 in the German
Embassy in Tokyo as a result of the German Continental Deep Drilling Program.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The research findings
will provide direct insight into Earth processes by testing geological models.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> The GFZ German Research
Centre for Geosciences serves as the headquarters for the ICDP.<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">§</span> Members of ICDP: Austria,
Belgium, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Korea,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the UK,<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> the USA and UNESCO.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-53275465932570786102016-07-26T01:14:00.000-07:002016-07-26T01:14:00.961-07:00IMPORTANT CURRENT AFFAIRS FOR PRELIMS 2016 :<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">1.India
moves up in ‘ease of doing business’ ranking :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
India now ranks 130 out of 189 countries in the ease of
doing business 2016, according to a World Bank report.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The original ranking for 2015 had been pegged at 142,
which would give India a jump of 12 ranks, but the WB's mid-year revision had bumped
up India's rank to 134.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The improvement in two indicators, ‘starting a business’
and ‘getting electricity,’ pushed India up the ladder, according to the report.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The report also commended the legislative changes that
eliminated the minimum capital requirement and the requirement to obtain a certificate
to start business operations.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">2. 'Sin
tax' for alcohol, tobacco industries in GST regime :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Alcohol and tobacco industries will soon have to pay more
taxes towards an additional ‘<b>sin tax’ </b>under the proposed GST structure.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• There is a provision in the proposed GST bill under which
the sinful industries such as alcohol and tobacco will have to pay an
additional tax. However, the rate at which this tax would be levied under the proposed
GST regime is not yet decided.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What is Sin tax?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• ‘Sin tax’ is a globally prevalent practice under which
products like alcohol and tobacco attract higher rates of tax. Typically, ‘sin
tax’ is an <b>excise tax </b>that is levied on products and services considered
to be bad for health or society such as alcohol, tobacco and gambling.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3. GOLD
DEPOSIT SCHEME<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Reserve Bank of India has issued guidelines for the gold
monetization scheme that <b>allow banks to fix their own interest rates on gold</b>
<b>deposits</b>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;">Gold Monetisation scheme:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Through the Gold Monetisation Scheme, gold in any form can
be deposited with banks for a period of one to 15 years. This gold will earn
interest and redemption will be at the prevailing market value at the end of
the tenure of deposit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The scheme also provides for incentives to the banks,
while individuals and institutions can deposit as low as 30 gm of gold, while the
interest earned on it would be exempt from income tax as well as capital gains
tax.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The scheme is aimed at mobilising a part of an estimated
20,000 tonnes of idle precious metal with households and institutions.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• This scheme was actually announced in the Budget for
2015-16.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">4. Maharashtra
imposes tax to tackle drought :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In a bid to raise funds to tackle the drought situation, the
Maharashtra government has decided to impose ‘<b>drought tax</b>.’</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• This is the first time since 1973 that a state government
has decided to take such a drastic step.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• This tax is meant to help farmers who have been hit by one
of the worst droughts in recent times. Drought tax includes:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Tax on petrol and diesel, VAT on liquor, cigarettes and
beverages, and surcharge on VAT for gold and diamond jewelleries.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• A tax of Rs. 2 per litre would be charged on petrol and
diesel, while Value Added Tax (VAT) on liquor, cigarettes and beverages has
been raised by 5%. Also, the surcharge on VAT for gold and diamond jewelleries
has been raised from 1 to 1.20 %.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;">5. PRADHAN MANTRI JAN DHAN YOJANA:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The PMJDY was conceived as a national mission on financial
inclusion with</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
the objective of covering all households in the country with
banking facilities and having a bank account for each household.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It is a scheme for comprehensive financial inclusion.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Benefits under PMJDY Scheme:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Interest on deposit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Accidental insurance cover of Rs.1.00 lac</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Accounts can be opened with zero balance. No minimum
balance required.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Life insurance cover of Rs.30,000/-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Easy Transfer of money across India</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Beneficiaries of Government Schemes will get Direct
Benefit Transfer in these accounts.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• After satisfactory operation of the account for 6 months,
an overdraft facility will be permitted</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Access to Pension, insurance products.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Accidental Insurance Cover, RuPay Debit Card must be used
at least once in 45 days.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Overdraft facility upto Rs.5000/- is available in only one
account per household, preferably lady of the household.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">6. India
now most attractive investment destination: EY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
India has been named the <b>most attractive country </b>for
investment in a survey of more than 500 global investors published by
accounting firm EY (Ernst & Young).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• According to the survey, the second most favoured
investment destination is China and is followed by Southeast Asia and Brazil.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• 32% of the 505 executives questioned said India was their
favoured market for investment, with China second on 15% of the vote. About 62%
said they were looking at manufacturing, both to serve the Indian and global
markets from India.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Perception about India’s macroeconomic stability is up to
76% in 2015 in comparison to 70% in.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Perception about political and social stability is up from
59% in 2014 to 74% in 2015.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• For relaxation in FDI policy the score improved from 60%
in 2014 to 68% in 2015.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• For government’s efforts to ease doing business the score
has improved from 57% in 2014 to 67% in 2015.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Compared to the 2014 survey, the number of respondents,
who believe that India would be among the world’s leading top three destinations
for manufacturing by 2020, had increased from 24% to 35%, while those who
believed India would evolve as a regional and global hub for operations was up
from 9% to 21%.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Among specific reforms expected to drive growth, 89% of
the investors polled said that investment in infrastructure projects and the
100 Smart Cities project would be significant.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Financial inclusion, including Digital India and the
Government’s proposal to reduce the rate of corporate tax from 30 %to 25%, were
considered significant by 83% of the respondents.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST) and
legislation on land acquisition were also mentioned by investors as important
for attracting FDI.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Investors rated India’s domestic market and availability
of labour among the most attractive features for doing business.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">7. Sunderbans
to get a student army of conservationists :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
An ambitious project has been started in West Bengal under
which Schoolchildren in the Sunderbans area will learn about tiger conservation
and pass on the experience to their elders.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Under this project, two fully equipped edutainment boats
carrying a projector, a sound system, generators, a library, films related to conservation
and wildlife photographs will be launched in the Sunderbans which will help
students in understanding the importance of this area.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sundarbans:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The Sundarbans is a natural region in West Bengal and
Bangladesh. It is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest
in the world.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The Sundarbans covers approximately 10,000 square kilometers
(3,900 sq mi) of which 60% is in Bangladesh with the remainder in India.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;">8. Mangroves in India:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Mangroves in India account for about 3% of the world’s
mangrove vegetation. Mangrove cover in India is 4,662 sq. km, which is 0.14% of
the country’s total geographical area.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Sundarbans in West Bengal accounts for almost half of the
total area under mangroves in the country. Mangrove in India is famous for its rich
variety of flora and fauna.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Composition of Mangroves in India: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The very dense mangrove comprises 1,403 sq. km (30.10% of
the total mangrove cover), moderately dense mangrove is 1,658.12 sq. km (35.57
%) while open mangroves cover an area of 1,600.44 sq. km (33%).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;">9.What is Bioethanol?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bioethanol is a form of quasi-renewable energy that can be
produced from agricultural feedstocks. It can be made from very common crops
such as sugarcane, potato, cassava and corn. It is also made from corn,
potatoes, milk, rice, beetroot and recently grapes, banana and dates depending
on the countries agricultural strength.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">uses</span><span style="color: red;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It is blended with petrol to make a truly sustainable
transport fuel.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It is used in cosmetic and other manufacturing processes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;">10. What are INDCs?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These are individual country commitments which are expected
to indicate through their form and strength what shape any 2015 agreement might
take.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Countries across the globe have committed to create a new international
climate agreement by the conclusion of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris in December 2015.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• In preparation, countries have agreed to publicly outline
what post- 2020 climate actions they intend to take under a new international agreement,
known as their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The INDCs combine the top-down system of a United Nations
climate agreement with bottom-up system-in elements through which countries put
forward their agreements in the context of their own national circumstances,
capabilities and priorities, within the ambition to reduce global greenhouse
gas emissions enough to keep global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The INDCs will not only contain steps taken towards
emission reductions, but also aim to address steps taken to adapt to climate change
impacts, and what support the country needs-or will provide to address climate
change.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• In February 2015, Switzerland became the first nation to
submit its INDC to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, later followed by the European
Union.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">11. India
to cut emissions intensity :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Union Environment Ministry has finally submitted its
Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to the UN Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC), committing to cut the emissions intensity of GDP by
33-35% by 2030 from 2005 levels.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• All nations were due to come out with emission targets
ahead of a climate change conference in Paris in December, where they are supposed
to adopt a landmark deal to fight climate change.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Including India, 120 countries have now submitted their
INDCs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;">India’s proposed targets:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. Reduce emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35% by
2030 from 2005 level.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. Achieve about 40% electric power installed capacity from
non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030 with help of transfer of technology
and low cost international finance.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion
tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /><!--[endif]--></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">12. Green
India Mission Plans of Four States Approved :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
National Mission for a Green India (GIM) falling under the
Environment Ministry has approved annual plans for Kerala, Mizoram, Manipur and
Jhakhand.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;">Green India Mission:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It is one of the eight Missions outlined under National
Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It acknowledges the influence forests have on
environmental amelioration through climate change mitigation, food security,
water security, biodiversity conservation and livelihood security of forest dependent
communities.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It hinges on decentralized participatory approach
involving grass root level organizations and community in planning, decision
making, implementation and monitoring.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It lays emphasis on landscape approach and convergence
with complementary schemes and programmes for better coordination in developing
forests and their fringe areas in a holistic and sustainable manner.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">13. Taking
cue from Centre, State bans a drug to save vultures :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The kerala state government has withdrawn Ketoprofen, a non –
steroid anti- inflammatory drug (NSAID) used extensively for veterinary
purposes, to save the vulture population in three districts of the state.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The State government had included Ketoprofen based on an
effort to identify an alternative to the banned drug Diclofenac.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The Centre had banned Diclofenac multi-vial doses after
wildlife biologists proved that presence of the drug in the carcasses of the cattle
caused the vulture population to dwindle drastically.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
How vultures are affected by these drugs?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Vultures act as scavengers, preying on dead animals.
Diclofenac in carcasses lead to slow death of vultures.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Ketoprofen, which is seen as an alternative, causes the
same effect on the vulture population.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">14. West
Bengal to get India’s first dolphin reserve :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
India’s <b>first community reserve </b>to protect the <b>endangered
Gangetic river </b>dolphins will come up in West Bengal. This decision was
taken at the<b> </b>recently held State Wildlife Board meeting in WB.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The reserve will be set up in the Hooghly river.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The methodology to develop the community reserve is being
chalked out by a separate committee. The committee will take a decision based
on inputs from all stakeholders since it’s a community reserve.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;">15. Gangetic Dolphin:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The Ganges River dolphin, or <b>susu</b>, inhabits the
Ganges- Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems of Nepal, India,
and Bangladesh. It is a <b>freshwater </b>dolphin.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Once found in thousands, there are fewer than 2,000
Gangetic dolphins left in the country in the entire distribution range along
the Ganga and Brahamaputra river system.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It was declared as the <b>National Aquatic Animal </b>in
2010.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• One of the main threats to the species is loss of habitat
due in large part to the creation of dams and irrigation projects. It is also threatened
by removal of river water and siltation arising from deforestation, pollution
and entanglement in fisheries nets.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This species is also referred to as the "<b>blind
dolphin</b>".</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It has been classified as “<b>endangered</b>” by the IUCN.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">16. Fishermen
apprehensive as Kerala prepares to roll out World Bank-aided project :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Kerala government is gearing up to implement an
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) project aimed at livelihood
improvement of coastal communities and conservation of the coastal ecosystem,
amid voices of protest from the fishermen community.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The project director has already been appointed by the
government.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Why the fishermen are opposing?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The fishermen are apprehensive about the project and its
impact on the coastline. They fear the project would pave the way for a
construction spree, jeopardising the fragile coastal environment and further
endangering their livelihood.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;">17. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM):<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• ICZM aims to improve livelihood of coastal communities and
conserve the coastal ecosystem.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The ICZM plan involves identification of infrastructure
requirements and livelihood improvement means in coastal districts.
Conservation of mangroves is among the components.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The national component of the project includes mapping of
the country’s coastline and demarcation of the hazard line.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It is a World Bank assisted project.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It is being implemented by the Department of Forests and Environment
with assistance from the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate
Change (MoEFCC).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management
(NCSCM), Chennai, will provide scientific and technical inputs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kerala will be included in the second phase of the
Rs.1,155.63-crore project that has already covered Gujarat, Odisha and West
Bengal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;">18. Project Loon:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Project Loon is a research and development project being
developed by Google X with the mission of providing Internet access to rural
and remote areas.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The project uses high-altitude balloons placed in the
stratosphere at an altitude of about 32 km to create an aerial wireless network
with up to 3G-like speeds.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
How it operates?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The balloons are maneuvered by adjusting their altitude to
float to a wind layer after identifying the wind layer with the desired speed
and direction using wind data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Users of the service connect to the balloon network using
a special Internet antenna attached to their building.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The signal travels through the balloon network from
balloon to balloon, then to a ground-based station connected to an Internet service
provider (ISP), then onto the global Internet.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Why stratosphere was chosen?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Google asserts that the stratosphere is advantageous because
of its relatively low wind speeds and minimal turbulence. Google also claims
that it can model, with reasonable accuracy, the seasonal, longitudinal, and latitudinal
variations in wind speeds within the 18–25 km stratospheric layer.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">19. First
Scorpene class submarine set afloat :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kalavari, the first of Scorpene class submarines being
manufactured at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL), was recently set afloat in
the Mumbai naval dockyard.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The submarine will now undergo rigorous harbour trials and
tests which will certify each system to its fullest capacity.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Kalvari </b>is first of the Indian Navy’s <b>Scorpene class
</b>stealth submarines being built under the Project 75, under collaboration
with M/s DCNS, France.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">20. Chemistry
Nobel for mapping how cells repair damaged DNA :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tomas Lindahl, Paul L. Modrich and Aziz Sancar have jointly
won the 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for having mapped and explained how the
cell repairs its DNA and safeguards its genetic information.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lindahl, of the Francis Crick Institute in London, was
honoured for his discoveries on base excision repair — the cellular mechanism
that repairs damaged DNA during the cell cycle.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Modrich, of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Duke University
School of Medicine, was recognised for showing how cells correct errors that
occur when DNA is replicated during cell division.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Sancar, of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,
was cited for mapping the mechanism cells use to repair ultraviolet damage to DNA.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">21. Kajita,
McDonald win physics Nobel for neutrino work :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Takaaki Kajita of Japan and Arthur McDonald of Canada have
won the 2015 Nobel Prize in physics for discovering the
"chameleon-like" nature of neutrinos, work that yielded the crucial
insight that the tiny particles have mass.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kajita showed in 1998 that neutrinos captured at the
detector underwent a metamorphosis in the atmosphere. Three years later McDonald
found that neutrinos coming from the sun also switched identities.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;">22. What are neutrinos?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Neutrinos are miniscule particles created in nuclear
reactions, such as in the sun and the stars, or in nuclear power plants. There
are three kinds of neutrinos.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Neutrinos interact with matter via the weak force. The
weakness of this force gives neutrinos the property that matter is almost
transparent to them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Since they rarely interact, these neutrinos pass through
the Sun, and even the Earth, unhindered. There are many other natural sources
of neutrinos including exploding stars (supernovae), relic neutrinos, natural
radioactivity, and cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere of the Earth.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The neutrino was proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930; but
it took another 26 years for it to be actually detected. In 1956 Reines and Cowan
found evidence of neutrino interactions by monitoring a volume of cadmium
chloride with scintillating liquid near to a nuclear reactor. Reines was
jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 in part for this
revolutionary work.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">23. 3
win Nobel Prize in Medicine for parasite-fighting therapies :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Three scientists from the US, Japan and China have won the
Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering drugs to fight malaria and other tropical
diseases that affect hundreds of millions of people every year.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The three scientists are:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. Santoshi omura from Japan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. Youyou tu from China</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. William campbell from Ireland</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Campbell and Omura were cited for discovering avermectin, derivatives
of which have helped lower the incidence of river blindness and lymphatic
filariasis, two diseases caused by parasitic worms that affect millions of
people in Africa and Asia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Tu discovered artemisinin, a drug that has helped
significantly reduce the mortality rates of malaria patients. Tu Youyou is the
first-ever Chinese medicine laureate.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>River blindness </b>is an eye and skin disease that
ultimately leads to blindness. About 90% of the disease occurs in Africa,
according to the World Health Organization.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Lymphatic filariasis </b>can lead to swelling of the
limbs and genitals, called elephantiasis, and it’s primarily a threat in Africa
and Asia. The WHO says 120 million people are infected with the disease,
without about 40 million disfigured and incapacitated.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Malaria </b>is a mosquito-borne disease that still kills
around 500,000 people a year, mostly in Africa, despite efforts to control it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">24. DRDO
sets up world's highest terrestrial centre in Ladakh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has established
the <b>world's highest terrestrial centre </b>at 17,600 feet above sea level at
Changla near Pengong lake in Ladakh.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
key features:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The centre will serve as a natural cold storage for
preserving rare and endangered medical plants for generations to come.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The centre will act as an important utility for research
work in frontal areas of food and agriculture and bio-medical sciences for well
being of the soldiers deployed in high altitude cold desert.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Other activities that are proposed to be undertaken here
include human physiological work, designing, testing, validation and demonstration
of mobile and portable greenhouses, soil-less microfarming technologies for
fresh food in remote landlocked posts besides conservation and propagation of
endangered extreme altitude medicinal plants and others.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;">25. GAGAN:</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
GAGAN was develped by the Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO) and the Airports Authority of India (AAI) at a cost of Rs. 774 crore,
over 15 years.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• GAGAN will provide augmentation service for the GPS over
the country, the Bay of Bengal, South East Asia and Middle East and up to
Africa.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Some of its benefits are improved efficiency, direct
routes, increased fuel savings, approach with vertical guidance at runways,
significant cost savings because of the withdrawal of ground aids and reduced workload
of flight crew and air traffic controllers.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Gagan works by augmenting and relaying data from GPS
satellites with the help of two augmentation satellites and 15 earth-based reference
stations.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The system utilises the satellite-based wide area
augmentation system (SBAS) technology which has been developed by Raytheon.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">26. Alternate
Train Accommodation Scheme – “VIKALP”: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Rail Ministry has announced a new scheme, called VIKALP,
that would allow wait-listed passengers of a train to opt for confirmed
accommodation in alternate trains.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The Alternate Train Accomodation Scheme (ATAS), also
called VIKALP, will come into effect beginning 1st November on a pilot basis for
six months on Delhi-Lucknow and Delhi-Jammu routes for tickets booked online.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The scheme has been launched with a view to provide
confirmed accommodation to waitlisted passengers and also to ensure optimal utilisation
of available accommodation</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• In this scheme, wait listed passengers of a train can opt
for confirmed accommodation in alternate trains.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;">26. NPAs:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In August 2015, Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley said the
road sector was responsible for the second highest amount of NPAs, after the
steel sector.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A recent Crisil report said “almost half of the road
projects, being constructed under the build, operate, transfer with a
sanctioned debt of Rs. 45,900 crore, are at high risk of not being completed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">27. Indian
islands to be developed under Swiss challenge model :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Centre is going to implement a comprehensive plan to
develop Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands, for an integrated modernisation
of the region, under its 'Sagarmala' initiative.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The plan is to develop these islands under the 'Swiss
challenge system'.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What is swiss challenge system?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Swiss challenge method is a process of giving contracts. Any
person with credentials can submit a development proposal to the government.
That proposal will be made online and a second person can give suggestions to
improve and beat that proposal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It is a method where third parties make offers
(challenges) for a project within a designated period to avoid exaggerated
project costs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Is it new to India?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The Swiss challenge method is one that has been used in
India by various states including Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Gujarat for roads and housing projects.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 2009, the Supreme Court approved the method for award of
contracts.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;">28. Sagarmala Initiative:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Sagarmala project seeks to develop a string of ports
around India’s coast. The objective of this initiative is to promote “Port-led
development” along India’s 7500 km long coastline.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It aims to develop access to new development regions with intermodal
solutions and promotion of the optimum modal split, enhanced connectivity with
main economic centres and beyond through expansion of rail, inland water,
coastal and road services.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The Union Ministry of Shipping has been appointed as the
nodal ministry for this initiative.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;">29. Nirbhay:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Nirbhay is an all-weather low-cost long-range cruise
missile with stealth and high accuracy. The missile has a range of more than
1000 km. It weighs about one tonne and has a length of 6 metres.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Its relatively slow flight speed allows it to navigate its
way precisely to the target.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The Nirbhay cruise missile is an Indian version of the
American Tomahawk.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The missile is capable of being launched from multiple
platforms on land, sea and air.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• In particular, Nirbhay is being adapted for the
Indo/Russian Su- 30MKI. The missile is capable of carrying nuclear warheads.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The missile is also capable of flying at different
altitudes ranging from 500 m to 4 km above the ground and can also fly at low
altitudes to avoid detection by enemy radar.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A key hurdle to developing a long-range cruise missile like
the Nirbhay is the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), which forbids
signatory countries from assisting or providing technology to any other country
developing a cruise missile with a range of 300 km or more.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What is Zero rating?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Zero Rating is a practice by which Internet operators offer
free data for specific applications. Advocates of Zero Rating services have
argued that this enables those offline to try online services, thereby bridging
the digital divide.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">30. Cyberdome
to become operational next month :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cyberdome, the hi-tech centre for cybersecurity being set up
by the Kerala Police, is expected to become operational by mid-November this
year. about Cyberdome:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cyberdome will be a hi-tech centre for cyber security. The
project is worth Rs.2-crore. The project is being established on the
public-private partnership model with the technical support offered by IT
companies.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Unique features of the project:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• As many as 500 ethical hackers and cybersecurity experts
would be involved in the project</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It would have centres for social media awareness,
protection of children on the Internet, Internet monitoring and ICT
(Information and Communication Technology) in service delivery.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It would also host an Anti-Cyber Terror Cell and a cyber security
training unit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It would be equipped with an automated crime intelligence
gathering unit and a unit for anti-piracy on the Internet.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It will have its server hosted at the State Data Centre.
Software companies will provide technical support on a voluntary basis, develop
software for the purpose, and supply technical manpower.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The station will be manned by police officers with
IT-related qualifications. The Additional Director General of Police (Crimes)
will be in charge of the project.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Cyberdome would be open to new models of partnership to
find solutions to emerging threats and challenges.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;">31. NISAR:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The Nasa-Isro Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission is
a <b>joint project </b>between NASA and ISRO to co-develop and launch a dual<b>
</b>frequency synthetic aperture radar satellite.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• The satellite will be the first radar imaging satellite to
use dual frequency and it is planned to be used for remote sensing to observe and
understand natural processes of the Earth.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It is slated to be launched in 2020-21.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• NISAR would provide information about a place more
frequently than older satellites orbiting the Earth at present.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• Among the objectives of NISAR are estimation of soil
moisture, agriculture and forest biomass.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
• It is also designed to observe and take measurements of
some of the planet's most complex processes, including ecosystem disturbances, ice-sheet
collapse, and natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and
landslides.</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-21598772285708805412016-07-20T01:33:00.000-07:002016-07-20T01:33:10.104-07:00P.I.B NEWS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<h2>
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">National Disaster Plan for Animals
:<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After wide ranging consultation and elaborate discussion
with different stakeholders such as National Disaster Management Authority,
National Disaster Response Force, National Institute of Disaster Management,
various State Governments and knowledge Institutions, the Department of Animal
Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries has prepared and launched Disaster
Management Plan (DMP) for protecting animals and preventing and mitigating loss
of livestock resources during various disasters.<br />
<br />
DMP is divided into three parts a) Pre-disaster preparedness, b) Disaster
response and c) Post-Disaster Plan. Pre-disaster preparedness includes detailed
action plan relating to dissemination of early warning, identification of
vulnerability amongst livestock, animal vaccination, feed and fodder supply and
capacity building of different stake-holders in disaster management etc.
Disaster response component includes strategy/action plan relating to effective
and prompt response, rescue of livestock, feed & fodder supply, measures
against epidemics and diseases and maintenance of Sanitation etc. Post disaster
component include strategy for treatment of sick animals, disease surveillance,
disposal of carcass, restoration and restocking of livestock population.<br />
<br />
DMP aims to supplement the efforts of States/UTs in managing disasters and lays
down the broad guidelines for management of animal during disasters like
drought, floods, cyclones, earthquakes and other man-made disasters etc. in the
states/UTs.<br />
<br />
This information was given by the Minister of State for Agriculture and Farmers
Welfare, Shri Sudarshan Bhagat today in a written reply to a Lok Sabha
question. </div>
<h2>
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">‘Government has Taken Series of
Steps to Address Pollution-Related Issues’: Environment Minister :<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pollution is a matter of concern in cities and towns and is
caused due to introduction of contaminants into the environment viz. air, water
and soil that may cause adverse change in ambient conditions. The Government
has taken a series of steps to address issues related to water pollution, air
& vehicular pollution, industrial pollution, improper waste disposal etc.
in cities, towns and metropolises. The major steps being taken by the
Government to control pollution inter alia include the following:-<br />
<br />
(i) Notification of National Ambient Air Quality Standards;<br />
<br />
(ii) Formulation of environmental regulations / statutes;<br />
<br />
(iii) Setting up of monitoring network for assessment of ambient air quality;<br />
<br />
(iv) Introduction of cleaner / alternate fuels like gaseous fuel (CNG, LPG
etc.), ethanol blend etc.;<br />
<br />
(v) Promotion of cleaner production processes.<br />
<br />
(vi) Launching of National Air Quality index by the Prime Minister in April,
2015;<br />
<br />
(vii) Implementation of Bharat Stage IV (BS-IV) norms in 63 selected cities and
universalization of BS-IV by 2017;<br />
<br />
(viii) Decision taken to leapfrog directly from BS-IV to BS-VI fuel standards
by 1st April, 2020;<br />
<br />
(ix) Taxing polluting vehicles and incentivizing hybrid and electric vehicles;<br />
<br />
(x) Comprehensive amendments to various Waste Management Rules including
Municipal Solid Waste, Plastic Waste, Hazardous Waste, Bio-medical Waste and
Electronic Waste notified;<br />
<br />
(xi) Notification of Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules;<br />
<br />
(xii) Ban on burning of leaves, biomass, municipal solid waste;<br />
<br />
(xiii) Promotion of public transport network of metro, buses, e-rickshaws and
promotion of car pooling, Pollution Under Control, lane discipline, vehicle
maintenance;<br />
<br />
(xiv) Revision of existing environmental standards and formulation of new
standards for prevention and control of pollution from industries;<br />
<br />
(xv) Regular co-ordination meetings at official and ministerial level with
Delhi and other State Governments within the NCR;<br />
<br />
(xvi) Issuance of directions under Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act,
1986 and under Section 18(1)(b) of Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981;<br />
<br />
(xvii) Installation of on-line continuous (24x7) monitoring devices by major
industries.<br />
<br />
(xviii) Preparation of action plan for sewage management and restoration of
water quality in aquatic resources by State Governments;<br />
<br />
(xix) Implementation of National River Conservation Plan for abatement of
pollution in identified stretches of various rivers and undertaking
conservation activities which inter-alia include interception & diversion
of raw sewage, construction of sewerage systems, setting up of sewage treatment
plants, low cost sanitation facilities, education and awareness creation,
community participation, electric/improved wood crematoria and river front
development.<br />
<br />
Delhi Government while formulating the Master Plan of Delhi – 2001 had
categorized all hazardous/ noxious/ heavy and large industries into ‘H’
category for the purpose of stopping and shifting the identified industries out
of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. There is no standard categorization
of industries under ‘H’ category from pollution perspective. The Central
Pollution Control Board has categorized the industries into Red, Orange, Green
and White category based on the composite scores which is calculated on the
basis of air pollution, water pollution score and hazardous waste generation.
As per this classification, Red category covers 60 industrial sectors, Orange
category covers 83 industrial sectors, Green category covers 63 industrial
sectors and the newly introduced, White category covers 36 industrial sectors.
CPCB had issued directions under section 18(1)(b) of the Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981 to all State Pollution Control Boards / Pollution Control Committees
(SPCBs / PCCs) on 07.03.2016 to harmonize the criteria of classification of
industries.<br />
<br />
This information was given by the Minister of State (Independent Charge) of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Anil Madhav Dave, in a written
reply to a question in Lok Sabha today. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-1853305032493424782016-07-18T01:34:00.001-07:002016-07-18T01:34:44.334-07:00TRI-NETRA <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">TRI-NETRA - Terrain imaging for diesel dRivers
Infra-red, Enhanced Optical & Radar Assisted system <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Ministry
of Railways, Railway Board has initiated a proposal to install TRI-NETRA
systems on locomotives for enhancing the vision of Locomotive Pilots in
inclement weather. TRI-NETRA stands for - Terrain imaging for diesel dRivers
INfra-red, Enhanced opTical &Radar Assisted system.<br />
<br />
TRI-NETRA system shall be made up of high-resolution optical video camera, high
sensitivity infra-red video camera and additionally a radar-based terrain
mapping system.<br />
<br />
These three components of the system shall act as three eyes (Tri-Netra) of the
Locomotive Pilot.<br />
<br />
TRI-NETRA is designed to “see” the terrain ahead of the running locomotive
during inclement weather by combining the images captured by the three
sub-systems and to create a composite video image which shall be displayed in
front of the Loco Pilot on a computer monitor.<br />
<br />
During fog, heavy rain and also during night, the locomotive pilots face
serious challenges in looking out ahead to spot any obstruction on the track
such as vehicles which get stuck while crossing the track or trees or boulders
which have fallen across the track etc. Because of the heavy momentum of the
running train, the train driver has to always adjust the speed of the train
such that he or she can stop the train on visually<br />
<br />
seeing the obstruction. In fair weather and in daytime, this is not a problem
since train driver has a clear view of the track ahead. But in poor visibility,
he has to reduce the speed suitably so that the brakes can be applied in time
to stop the train without hitting the obstructions.<br />
<br />
This is where TRI-NETRA will come into picture and give the locomotive pilot a
clear view of the track ahead in bad visibility conditions so that he can apply
brakes well in time. Conversely, he can speed up the train even in poor visibility
if the TRI-NETRA system shows that the track ahead is clear of obstruction. The
system shall also map the terrain ahead so that the driver knows when he is
approaching a station or a signal.<br />
<br />
The concept of TRI-NETRA was developed by Development Cell under the guidance
of Member Mechanical, Railway Board while brainstorming on how to use the
technology employed by fighter aircrafts to see through clouds and operate in
pitch darkness and the technology used by naval ships in mapping the ocean
floor and navigating in the night. Such an “assisted vision” system is not
available readily in any of the advanced railway systems but the manufacturers
and technology partners who develop components of such systems for defence are
very excited with the concept. “Such systems have not been used for peacetime
applications and we are excited that Indian Railways have thrown such a
challenge at us” said one of the foreign specialists who develops such systems
for fighter aircrafts. There has been very enthusiastic response to this
Expression of Interest (EoI) published by Railway Board and number of companies
from Israel, Finland, USA and Austria have expressed interest in developing
such a system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-62742797286009511852016-06-02T02:34:00.000-07:002016-06-02T02:34:01.540-07:00P.I.B : NEWS (22-5-2016 to 28-5-2016) <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.President appoints Ms. Kiran Bedi Lt. Governor of
Puducherry <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The President of India
has been pleased to appoint Ms. Kiran Bedi, to be the Lt. Governor of
Puducherry with effect from the date she assumes charges of her office. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.PM offers prayers,
addresses gathering at Bhai Ganga Singh Sabha Gurudwara, Tehran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, paid respects to the Guru Granth Sahib
at the Bhai Ganga Singh Sabha Gurudwara, shortly after arriving in Tehran this
evening.<br />
<br />
He was presented with a Saropa and a Talwar.<br />
<br />
Addressing the gathering, the Prime Minister complimented the Sikh community in
Tehran for keeping our rich heritage and traditions alive for the younger
generations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">He said Indians believe
in Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam – the whole world is our family – and therefore
assimilate with everyone easily.<br />
<br />
The Prime Minister said the occasion of the 350th birth anniversary of Guru
Gobind Singh would be celebrated both in India and other parts of the world;
and would be leveraged to highlight and generate greater awareness among the
younger generation about the martyrdom of the Gurus, and the message of the
Holy Guru Granth Sahib. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.PM's visit to Iran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
<br />
In a series of tweets on his Twitter Account, the Prime Minister said:<br />
<br />
"I am looking forward to my visit to Iran today and tomorrow, at the
invitation of President Rouhani.<br />
<br />
India and Iran enjoy civilizational ties and have shared interest in the peace,
security, stability and prosperity of the region.<br />
<br />
My meetings with President Rouhani and Hon’ble Supreme Leader of Iran will
provide an opportunity to advance our strategic partnership.<br />
<br />
Enhancing connectivity, trade, investments, energy partnership, culture and
people to people contacts would be our priority.<br />
<br />
I also look forward to the conclusion of the Chahbahar Agreement during my
visit.<br />
<br />
I will visit Gurudwara in Tehran and inaugurate an International Conference on
‘retrospect and prospect’ of India and Iran relations."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar Visits
Oman <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Defence Minister
Shri Manohar Parrikar paid an official visit to the Sultanate of Oman from 20
to 22 May 2016 at the invitation of H.E. Bader Bin Saud Bin Harib Al Busaidi,
Minister Responsible for Defense Affairs of Oman.<br />
<br />
Shri Parrikar reiterated the high importance that India attaches to its
strategic partnership with Oman. He conveyed his appreciation at the continued
support rendered by Oman for the Operational Turnaround (OTR) of Indian Navy
ships for anti-piracy patrols as well as technical support for landing and over
flight of Indian Air Force aircraft. <br />
<br />
Four Memorandum of Understanding (MOUs)/agreements were signed during the
visit. These are:<br />
<br />
• MOU on Defence Cooperation between the Ministry of Defense of Sultanate of
Oman and Ministry of Defence of Republic of India;<br />
<br />
• MOU between the Royal Oman Police (Coast Guard) and the Indian Coast Guard in
the field of Marine Crime Prevention at Sea;<br />
<br />
• MOU between the Government of the Sultanate of Oman and the Government of the
Republic of India on Maritime Issues; and<br />
<br />
• Protocol between the Government of the Sultanate of Oman represented by Royal
Air Force of Oman and the Government of India represented by the Indian Air
Force on Flight Safety information Exchange.<br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.President meets Award Winning School Teachers
attending ‘In-Residence’ Programme at Rashtrapati Bhavan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The President of India,
Shri Pranab Mukherjee met twelve Award Winning School Teachers from
States/Union Territories attending ‘In-Residence’ Programme at Rashtrapati
Bhavan today (May 23, 2016). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">This is the first such
‘In-Residence’ Programme for school teachers. Similar programmes exist for
writers, artists, grass root innovators, NIT students and inspired
teachers.<br />
<br />
Speaking on the occasion, the President said that all the participants of the
‘In-Residence’ programme should strive continuously for achieving higher goals.
For them sky is the limit. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">He said that no
civilizational progress could have been possible if teachers did not give their
wisdom to society on the basis of which progress takes place. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">He stated that our
tradition is that of ‘Guru-Shishya Parampara’. He emphasized that teachers are
the most important factor in nation building. <br />
<br />
Also present on the occasion was Secretary, Department of School Education and
Literacy, Ministry of HRD who said that teachers are central to any educational
system. He emphasized on three areas relating to education i.e. improving
access, equity and improving the quality of education.<br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.Remarks by Prime Minister
at Chabahar Connectivity event (May 23, 2016)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
A famous poet of Persia, Hafez once said:<br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">रोज़े</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">- </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">हिज्रो</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">शबे</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">फ़ुर्क़ते</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">यार</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">आख़र</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">शुद</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">ज़दम</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">इन</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">फ़ालो</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">गुज़श्त</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">अख़्तरो</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">कार</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">आख़र</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">शुद्</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
[Meaning: Days of separation are over; night of wait is coming to an end; Our
friendship will stay forever.]<br />
<br />
<br />
Iran, Afghanistan and India are deeply aware of the richness and reality of our
ancient links. Through centuries, art and culture, ideas and knowledge,
language and traditions have formed a common bond between us. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Even through turmoil of
history, our societies never lost touch with each other. Today, we meet to
write new chapters in our engagement.<br />
<br />
Excellencies, The Agreement on the establishment of a Trilateral Transport and
Transit Corridor signed just a while ago can alter the course of history of
this region. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">It is a new foundation
of convergence between our three nations. The corridor would spur unhindered
flow of commerce throughout the region. Inflow of capital and technology could
lead to new industrial infrastructure in Chahbahar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">This would include gas
based fertilizer plants, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and IT. The key
arteries of the corridor would pass through the Chahbahar port of Iran. It's
very location, on the mouth of Gulf of Oman, is of great strategic
significance. Afghanistan will get an assured, effective, and a more friendly
route to trade with the rest of the world. The arc of economic benefit from
this agreement would extend beyond our three nations. Its reach could extend to
the depths of the Central Asian countries. When linked with the International
North South Transport Corridor, it would touch South Asia at one end and Europe
at another. And, studies show that as compared to the traditional sea routes,
it could bring down the cost and time of the cargo trade to Europe by about
50%. Over time, we could even look to connect it with the strong sea and land
based routes that India has developed with the Indian Ocean Region and South
East Asia.<br />
<br />
Excellencies,<br />
<br />
The world of 21st century offers unique opportunities.But, it also poses its
own set of challenges.Today, the nature of global engagement requires an
attitude more suitable to this century, not the mindset of the century gone by.
Today, the watch-words of international tiesare trust not suspicion;
cooperation not dominance; inclusivity not exclusion. This is also the guiding
philosophy and driving spirit of the Chahbahar Agreement. This will be a
corridor of peace and prosperity for our peoples. Motives of economic growth,
and empowerment would drive it. It will build our security without making
others vulnerable. It would break barriers among our nations and encourage new
benchmarks of people-to-people contacts. And, help us to eventually build what
we all desire and deserve - a friendly and healthy neighbourhood.<br />
<br />
Excellencies,<br />
<br />
The world around us is changing in fundamental ways. And, the lack of
comprehensive connectivity is not the only challenge that limits our national
growth. Political turmoil and undercurrents of economic stress continue to
spread in West Asia. In the Indo-Pacific,rise a mix of political competition
and economic opportunities is putting pressure on the existing Asian order.
Global economy is yet to fully come out of uncertainty and weakness. Our
present growth and future prosperity is under threat from the spread of radical
ideas and physical terror. Amidst this landscape, our three countries are
blessed with the most potent resource—our youth. Our three nations are
estimated to have more than 60 percent of their population under 30 years of
age. They are an asset in our national and regional development. We want them
to walk the road to knowledge and skills; industry and enterprise. And, not
fall victim to the path of guns and violence. I am confident that economic
fruits of the Chahbahar Agreement will expand trade, attract investment, build
infrastructure, develop industry and create jobs for our youth. The Agreement
will strengthen our ability to stand in mutual support against those whose only
motto is to maim and kill the innocents. Its success will be a positive vote
for peace and stability in the region.<br />
<br />
Excellencies,<br />
<br />
It is my strong belief that trade and transit routes should only be a starting
point of our journey to greater connectivity. In my vision, the full spectrum
of connectivity agenda between Iran, Afghanistan and India should span:<br />
<br />
• from culture to commerce;<br />
<br />
• from traditions to technology;<br />
<br />
• from Investments to IT;<br />
<br />
• from services to strategy; and<br />
<br />
• from people to politics.<br />
<br />
In a way, it is a pledge to:<br />
<br />
• Realize the imperative of better connectivity;<br />
<br />
• Establish peace and create stability;<br />
<br />
• Build economic prosperity and engineer new trade ties;<br />
<br />
• Curb radicalism and remove shadows of terror; and<br />
<br />
• Break barriers and spread sweetness of familiarity among our people.<br />
<br />
History will look back at this effort with nothing but approval and
admiration.<br />
<br />
I compliment Excellencies Rouhani and Ghani for their leadership in guiding
this effort.<br />
<br />
Thank you all. Thank you very much. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.India’s Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology
Demonstrator (RLV-TD), Successfully Flight Tested <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">ISRO successfully flight
tested India’s first winged body aerospace vehicle operating in hypersonic
flight regime today.<br />
<br />
In this experimental mission, the HS9 solid rocket booster carrying RLV-TD
lifted off from the First Launch Pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota
at 07:00 hr IST. After a successful flight of 91.1 second, HS9 burn out
occurred, following which both HS9 and RLV-TD mounted on its top coasted to a
height of about 56 km. At that height, RLV-TD separated from HS9 booster and
further ascended to a height of about 65 km.<br />
<br />
From that peak altitude of 65 km, RLV-TD began its descent followed by
atmospheric re-entry at around Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound). The
vehicle’s Navigation, Guidance and Control system accurately steered the
vehicle during this phase for safe descent. After successfully surviving a high
temperatures of re-entry with the help of its Thermal Protection System (TPS),
RLV-TD successfully glided down to the defined landing spot over Bay of Bengal,
at a distance of about 450 km from Sriharikota, thereby fulfilling its mission
objectives. The vehicle was successfully tracked during its flight from ground
stations at Sriharikota and a shipborne terminal. Total flight duration from
launch to landing of this mission of the delta winged RLV-TD, lasted for about
770 seconds.<br />
<br />
In this flight, critical technologies such as autonomous navigation, guidance
& control, reusable thermal protection system and re-entry mission
management have been successfully validated.<br />
<br />
ISRO acknowledges the support of Indian Coast Guard and National Institute of
Ocean Technology (NIOT) for the mid-sea wind measurement and shipborne
telemetry respectively in this mission.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.INS Tarmugli Joins the Indian Navy <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Indian Navy today
commissioned the highly maneuverable Fast Attack Craft INS Tarmugli at the
hands of Vice Admiral HCS Bisht AVSM, Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern
Naval Command at a formal ceremony held at Naval Dockyard, Visakhapatnam. INS
Tarmugli is being based in Visakhapatnam under the Naval Officer-in-Charge
(Andhra Pradesh) and would be deployed for coastal patrol and surveillance
operations along the East Coast of India.<br />
<br />
Built by M/s Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Ltd (GRSE), INS Tarmugli
is the first Follow-on Water Jet Fast Attack Craft (WJFAC), is an improved
version of WJFAC, earlier constructed by GRSE. Conceived, designed and built
indigenously, the commissioning of this ship completes the addition of another
chapter to the nation’s ‘Make in India’ initiative and indigenisation efforts
in the field of warship design and construction.<br />
<br />
Named after a picturesque island in the Andaman group, the 320-tonne INS
Tarmugli, measuring 48 meters in length, can achieve speeds in excess of 30
knots. The ship is manned by a team comprising four officers and 41 sailors
with Commander Sreejith S Nair at the helm as Commanding Officer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The ship is capable of
operating in shallow waters at high speeds and is equipped with enhanced fire
power. Built for extended coastal and offshore surveillance and patrol the
warship is fitted with advanced MTU engines, water jet propulsion and the
latest communication equipment.<br />
<br />
The ships armament consists of a 30 mm CRN 91 gun manufactured by Ordnance
Factory Medak. An electronic day-night fire control system namely Stabilised
Optronic Pedestal (SOP) manufactured by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
controls the gun. The ship is also equipped with two 12.7 mm heavy machine guns
(HMG) and multiple medium machine guns, besides shoulder-launched Igla
surface-to-air missiles to combat aerial threats. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.108 Villages Electrified last week ; 7,874
Villages Electrified till date under DDUGJY <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.45pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 8.45pt; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">108 villages have been
electrified across the country during last week (from 16th to 22nd May 2016)
under Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojna (DDUGJY). Out of these electrified
villages, 6 villages belong to Arunachal Pradesh , 26 in Assam, 31
in Jharkhand, 2 in Rajasthan, 8 in Madhya Pradesh , 3 in Uttar Pradesh , 2 in
Bihar, 3 in Chhattisgarh, 26 in Odisha , and 1 in Himachal Pradesh . The
progress of ongoing electrification process can be tracked on </span><a href="http://garv.gov.in/dashboard"><span style="color: purple; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://garv.gov.in/dashboard</span></a><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.India’s policy towards
China is 'expanding areas of cooperation, reducing differences', says President<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<br />
The President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee addressed the Indian community in
China at Guangzhou today (May 24, 2016), the opening day of his visit to
China.<br />
<br />
Addressing the Indian community, the President said India’s policy towards
China is expanding areas of cooperation, reducing differences. Frequent bilateral
visits reflect expanding relations between the two great nations. There has
been phenomenal progress in bilateral relations since 1990. Trade between the
two countries has increased from US $ 2.9 billion in 2000 to more than US $ 71
billion today. There is immense potential for growth in trade, investment and
mutual economic cooperation.<br />
<br />
The President said India and China are closely cooperating with each other in
most multilateral fora. India, a founding member of WTO supported the
membership of China from day one. It argued in WTO that it is wrong to keep
China with its vast population out of the WTO. India and China both are
founding members of G-20. As the most advanced emerging economies, they are
making major contributions to world growth.<br />
<br />
The President said if 2.5 billion people of India and China come together and
walk together, it will be a great event. Intensifying cooperation in trade,
investment, development experience, sharing of best practices and cooperating
in all areas is the biggest guarantor of peace, development and prosperity.
This will ensure the onward march to progress of both nations.<br />
<br />
The President said members of the Indian Community are unofficial ambassadors
of India in the country in which they live. They carry part of India in their
hearts at all times. India is proud of its diaspora. He invited the Indian
diaspora to contribute its best to the gigantic task underway of transforming
lives of billions of Indians. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.India signs loan agreement with world bank for
IBRD loan of US$ 100 million for ‘Karnataka Urban Water Supply Modernization
project’ <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Loan and Project
Agreements for World Bank (IBRD) assistance of US$ 100 million for the
Karnataka Urban Water Supply Modernization project were signed between
Government of India/Government of Karnataka and the World Bank here
today.<br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.Centre committed to Employment Security , Wage
Security and Social Security to every Worker:Shri Bandaru Dattatreya<br />
<br />
Amendnment to bonus act doubled benefit amount with enhanced reach <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Governments
paramount priority is the Welfare of Workers and its endeavor is to achieve
Employment Security, Wage Security and Social Security to every Worker
especially the Unorganised workers who constitute 93% of our workforce. This
was stated by Shri Bandaru Dattatreya, the Union Minister of State(IC) for
Labour and Employment here today while addressing a Press Conference. The
Minister said that during the last two years for the benefit of work force the
Government has amended the Bonus Act increasing the eligibility limit from Rs.
10,000 to Rs. 21,000 and benefit ceiling from Rs. 3500 to Rs. 7000, Minimum
Pension of Rs. 1000 per month in perpetuity which is benefiting more than 20
lakh pensioners. The Minister said, the Government has announced interest @ 8.8%
to EPF subscribers for the year 2015-16 which is the highest rate of interest
for any saving instrument in the country. Further, our Govt. on March, 29th,
2016 in a historic decision decided to credit interest to 9.23 Crore
inoperative accounts of EPFO which was stopped by the UPA Government in
February, 2011. A new and pragmatic scheme has been launched for eliminating
the social evil of Bonded Labour he added.<br />
<br />
He said ,the Ministry of Labour and Employment have initiated process of
reforming the archaic labour laws to create a conducive, cordial and harmonious
environment in the country. Towards this Ministry is simplifying the 43 Labour
Laws into 4 Labour Codes which aims to amalgamate and rationalize the
provisions of these 43 Labour Laws : These are Labour Code on Wages,Labour Code
on Industrial Relations, Labour Code on Social Security & Welfare and
Labour Code on Safety & Working Conditions.<br />
<br />
To achieve this huge objective, tripartite consultations are held from time to
time for consensus. Two of these codes have been finalized and necessary
approvals are being sought, the Minister added.<br />
<br />
On Reforms Through Technology ,The Minister said a unified Web Portal ‘Shram
Suvidha Portal’ was laubnched on 16.10.2014, to bring transparency and
accountability in enforcement of labour laws and ease complexity of compliance.
It caters to four major Organizations under the Ministry of Labour, namely
Office of Chief Labour Commissioner (Central), Directorate General of Mines
Safety, Employees’ Provident Fund Organization; and Employees’ State Insurance
Corporation.<br />
<br />
The Minister said eradication of Child Labour is a priority and to address the
issue Government has proposed to amend the Child Labour (Prohibition &
Regulation) Act, 1986 with the objective of complete prohibition on employment
of children below 14 years and linking the age of prohibition with the age
under Right of Children to Free & Compulsory Education, Act, 2009. The
amendment also intends to make the punishment for employers more stringent and
make the offence cognizable for employers on employing any child or adolescent
in contravention of the Act.<br />
<br />
The Minister said that the Government is implementing National Career Service
(NCS) Project for transforming and strengthening the public employment services
in the country with an aim to bring job seekers, employers and training
providers on a common platform with efficient use of information technology.
National Career Service (NCS) Project aims to address the gaps in the
employment market by strategic interventions and partnership with leading
institutions and organizations. Central Ministries and State Governments have
also been involved in making the NCS Portal (www.ncs.gov.in) a vibrant
platform.<br />
<br />
The NCS Portal dedicated to the nation in July, 2015 has successfully
registered over 3.5 crore candidates and all the 9 lakh establishments having a
Labour Identification Number are also registered.<br />
<br />
The Minister also spoke about two Social security organizations The Employees’
State Insurance Corporation providing comprehensive medical care and cash
benefits in the contingencies of Sickness and Employees Provident Fund
Organization providing social security to the organized workforce of the
country. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.Press Conference by Dr. Najma Heptulla on two years
achievements of Minority Affairs Ministry<br />
<br />
In 2015-16 Ministry spent over 20% higher than in 2013-14 <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in -2.3pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Ministry of
Minority Affairs has made consistent efforts in the last two years to fulfill
the agenda set in the manifesto for minorities and achieved them by formulating
new schemes/programmes and reorienting the ongoing schemes. Dr. Najma
Heptulla, the Union Minister of Minority Affairs said this while
interacting with media on two years achievements of the Ministry of Minority
Affairs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in -2.3pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The whole focus of the
Ministry revolved around the vision and mission <b>“Sabka Saath Sabka
Vikaas”</b>. Going by the National priority, Ministry has taken many new
initiatives to strengthen the efforts towards education of minorities and
economic empowerment through Skill Development.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in -2.3pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Minister said in
fact in the last financial year i.e. 2015-16, the expenditure was more than 20%
higher than in 2013-14, which is a significant rise in just 2 years. Moreover,
in 2015-16, for the first time in the history of the Ministry, there was no cut
imposed in the earmarked Plan budget at Revised Estimate (RE) Stage and it was
maintained at the original level of Budget Estimate (BE) i.e. Rs.3712.78 Crore.
Ministry spent about 98% of the entire Plan budget in 2015-16. Further, Government
has increased the Plan Budget of the Ministry to Rs.3800 Crore for 2016-17, an
increase of more than Rs. 168 Crore over the 2015-16 expenditure level, which
is again a significant rise.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in -2.3pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Minister said that
this is to address development gaps at micro level. In addition to this
Ministry’s budget 15% of budget of the implementing Ministries of PM’s 15 point
programme is also earmarked for the minorities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in -2.3pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -2.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 7.85pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Referring to Educational
empowerment, the Minister informed that five minority students with support of
the scheme have made it to the Indian Civil Services in the recently declared
results. Three of them are Muslim, one Sikh and one Buddhist. She said
Rs.2011.82 crore were released for various Scholarship schemes during 2014-15
against Rs.1739.55 crore during 2013-14. i.e. 15.7% more funds were released by
the present Government in the first year of its tenure itself for the
educational empowerment of the minorities. During 2014-15 about 46% girls
benefitted under all scholarship schemes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in -2.3pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">On economic empowerment
she said that educational cum livelihood scheme ‘Nai Manzil’’ for has been
received very well. The World Bank recognizing the concept of the scheme not
only gave loan to the tune of US $ 50 million but also recommended it for other
countries with similar requirements. This new initiative of the present
Government formulated and launched on 8<sup>th</sup> August, 2015 aims to
benefit the minority youths who do not have a formal school leaving
certificate, <i>i.e., </i>those in the category of school-dropouts or
educated in the community education institutions like the<i>Madarsas</i>, in
order to provide them formal education and skills, and enable them to seek
better employment in the organized sector and thus to equip them for better
lives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in -2.3pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Scheme has been approved
with the cost of Rs. 650 Crore for five years. 50% funding will come from the
World Bank. This is for the first time in the history of minority welfare
programmes when World Bank has agreed to support such a programme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Another new ambitious
initiative of the present Government, <b>“USTTAD (Upgrading the Skills and
Training in Traditional Arts/ Crafts for Development)”</b> was formally
launched on 14<sup>th</sup> May, 2015 at Varanasi. The scheme aims at
setting standards of traditional skills, design development, capacity building
and updating the traditional skills of master craftsmen and artisans,
documentation and preservation. It also aims to engage the trained master
craftsmen/artisans in training of minority youths in various specific
traditional arts/crafts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">
About Seekho aur Kamao (Learn & Earn), the Minister said , in
conformity with the priority of the present Government for “Skilled India” and
“Make in India”, the skill development initiative for minorities <b>“Seekho
aur Kamao (Learn & Earn)”,</b> has been strengthened and expanded
and <b>the outlay has been increased by almost Eleven times (over the
level of 2013-14) by the present Government</b> and Rs.192.45 crore were
allocated in 2015-16 for training of 1,13,000 minority youth. Out of this,
about Rs. 191.96 Crore (more than 99%) has been sanctioned for training of
about 1.23 lakh trainees in various States.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 7.85pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The number of minority
youths trained since the inception of the scheme and the funds earmarked by the
present Government, as enlisted<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a> clearly indicate the
shift in focus:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.3pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Financial Year<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Achievement (Number of minority
youths trained)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Funds released (Rs. in Crore)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.3pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2013-14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20,164<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.99<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.3pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2014-15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20,720<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">46.21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.3pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2015-16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,23,330<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">191.96<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Elaborating <b>on Multi-sectoral Development Programme –
Jan Vikaas Karyakram</b>,the Minister said this area development
programme, for the construction of basic amenities and
infrastructure is implemented in identified 710
Minority Concentration Blocks (MCBs) and 66 Minority Concentration Towns (MCTs).Further, clusters
of contiguous minority concentration villages are also covered. In the
first two years of this Government 18.4% more funds were sanctioned for this
project than the last two years of the earlier Government. In fact in 2015-16,
Government gave a major thrust to this project when it sanctioned a whopping
46% more funds than in 2014-15. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">During 2014-15 and
2015-16, construction of 51 ITIs, 2 Polytechnics, 5314 Additional Class Rooms
(ACRs), 559 school buildings, 10 Degree colleges, 215 Hostels and 1456
Aanganwadi Centers has been approved.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">On Women Empowerment ,
the Minister said that Ministry implements an exclusive scheme <b>“Nai
Roshni” </b>for Leadership Development of Minority Women with an aim to
empower and instill confidence in women by providing knowledge, tools and
techniques for interacting with the Government systems, banks and
intermediaries at all levels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">On Concessional Loans to Minorities, the
Minister said for the first time in the history of NMDFC, the present
Government on 10.02.2015, doubled the Authorized Share Capital of NMDFC i.e.
from Rs. 1500 crore to Rs. 3000 crore in 2015 and has also revised the share
holding pattern to 73:26:1 from 65:26:9 for the Central Government, State
Governments/UT Administrations and Institutions/Individuals respectively.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.2pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Minister also spoke in detail
on Maulana Azad Education Foundation (MAEF),Waqf Management<b> </b>and
Haj Pilgrimage<b>.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.National Capital Goods Policy <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Union Cabinet,
chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has given its approval for
National Capital Goods Policy. This is first ever policy for Capital Goods
sector with a clear objective of increasing production of capital goods from
Rs.2,30,000 crore in 2014-15 to Rs.7,50,000 crore in 2025 and raising direct
and indirect employment from the current 8.4 million to 30 million.<br />
<br />
The policy envisages increasing exports from the current 27 percent to 40
percent of production. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">It will increase the
share of domestic production in India’s demand from 60 percent to 80 percent
thus making India a net exporter of capital goods. The policy also aims to
facilitate improvement in technology depth across sub-sectors, increase skill
availability, ensure mandatory standards and promote growth and capacity
building of MSMEs.<br />
<br />
The Policy will help in realising the vision of ‘Building India as the World
class hub for Capital Goods’. It will also play a pivotal role in overall
manufacturing as the pillar of strength to the vision of ‘Make in India’.<br />
<br />
The objectives of the policy will be met by the Department of Heavy Industry in
a time bound manner through obtaining approval for schemes as per the roadmap
of policy interventions.<br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.Union HRD Minister Launches Bharatavani
Portal<br />
<br />
Bharatavani Becomes the Largest Online Repository of Dictionaries in India on
its Very First Day <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.45pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.45pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.95pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Union HRD Minister,
Smt Smriti Zubin Iani launched the multilingual knowledge portal </span><a href="http://pib.nic.in/admin/Downloads/www.bharatvani.in"><span style="color: purple; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">www.bharatvani.in</span></a><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> at Lucknow today. While launching
the app the Minister said that under the Prime Minister Shri Modi’s Digital
India Mission, Bharatavani App will perform the task of bringing about digital
revolution in the county. The Government’s mission is to showcase the Indian culture
and heritage to the world through the medium of technology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.95pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.95pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">This project is in line
with the HRD Ministry’s efforts to not only ensure universalization of
education but also towards creation of a knowledge society in the digital age.
The Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysuru is implementing this
ambitious project of MHRD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.45pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.6pt; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">One Point language
resource </span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">: Bharatavani is the
first knowledge portal of its kind in India which<b> </b>focuses on
becoming a single point source for multiple language learning, content and
technology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 2.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.9pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Given India’s diversity,
Bharatavani is an attempt to bring the people of India under one portal, its
goal being to bridge the Digital and language divide, with the idea to publish
as well as involve people in the Open Knowledge movement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.4pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 7.05pt; text-indent: 2.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Window to language diversity</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">: Government of India with the launch of this multilingual portal<b> </b>reiterates
its commitment to the protection, preservation and inclusion of all Indian
languages through technological development without discrimination. India’s
diversity includes a treasure trove of knowledge and indigenous culture and the
Government will take all measures required to develop the spread of Indian
languages across communities and cultures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.55pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 7.05pt; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Fostering National
Integration</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">: By its very nature,
Bharatavani aims to foster national integration by<b> </b>emphasizing on
multilingual and cross-lingual learning tools and technologies. Many
cross-lingual grammar books, learning courses, will not only enable learning of
languages but their transliteration will enable us to learn another language
instantly. This can be experienced by way of the Bharatavani App, which has
been so designed to enable users to read any language in any script through any
language interface.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 7.05pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 7.05pt; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Catalyst to Language Technology
Development</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> Technology
Development for Indian Languages will be made much easier with Bharatavani
turnout to be India’s largest language Corpus. Digitization of hundreds
of multilingual, multi-topic dictionaries, will provide Bharatavani a massive
data set of linguistic terminologies, thereby leveraging research and
development. Bharatavani aims to establish itself as a single point
online window to knowledge in and about Indian Languages, dictionaries,
language IT tools and textbooks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Bharatavani
Multi-lingual App: Unique multiple source of worlds</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 7.05pt; text-indent: 2.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Alongwith the Bharatavani portal, MHRD has also launched the <b>Bharatavani
Multi-lingual App</b> called Bharatavani. This App will enable users to
search for one language text in another language as well as get meanings in
different languages. Currently the App has 35 multilingual Dictionaries and
MHRD aims to extend it to 250 dictionaries in a years time. This App, on the
day of its launch becomes <b>India’sfirst and largest multilingual
dictionary</b>. Our endeavour is to make it the world’s biggest online<b> </b>multilingual
dictionary source.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.65pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.6pt; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Salient features </span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">: Bharatavani makes available knowledge already
published by Government and<b> </b>publicly funded institutions all over
the country and puts its across for free and fair public usage, by<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page2"></a> deploying a robust, interactive, user friendly web tools.
Its content is protected by fair usage clauses under the Indian Copyright Act.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.05pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 7.25pt; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Bharatavani Portal
would publish the content in the following main sections:</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 7.25pt; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">1. <b>Paa
Thyapustaka Kosha </b>: Textbooks by various authorities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: .05pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 7.25pt; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">2. <b>Jnana
Kosha : </b>Encyclopedic Knowledge base in all languages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: .05pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 7.25pt; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">3. <b>Shabda
Kosha: </b>Dictionaries, Glossaries, Terminologies,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: .05pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 7.25pt; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">4. <b>Bhasha
Kosha</b>: Language learning books<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: .05pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 7.25pt; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">5. <b>Suchanaa
Praudyogikii Kosha </b>: It tools ( right now linked to TDIL)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: .05pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 7.25pt; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">6. <b>Bahumaadhyama
Kosha: </b>Multimedia content<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 16.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.65pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Significantly, more than
130 Dictionaries, Glossaries and Terminology books have been posted on the web
portal. These dictionaries are available in text and PDF formats.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Many institutions both at National and State level have declared
their support to this initiative and have already signed MOUs with Bharatavani.
All content in print and other formats will be completely digitized and put
onto the portal in the form of searchable text. The portal has been launched in
22 scheduled languages, which eventually will be extended to 100 more languages<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 8.45pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.EESL Distributes LED Bulbs Under “UJALA” in the
Range of Rs. 75-95 across 16 States <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 7.85pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The
LED bulbs under Government of India’ s <i>Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs
for All (UJALA)</i> scheme are being distributed across 16 States in
the country in the price range of Rs 75- 95. The project, executed
by Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), under the administration of
Ministry of Power, procures high quality LED bulbs from leading manufacturers
through a transparent bidding process. In the latest round of procurement,
which ended on March 31, 2016, the lowest procurement cost was Rs. 54.90
(exclusive of taxes and administrative costs).</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 7.85pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 7.85pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The
target of the programme is to replace all the 77 crore incandescent bulbs sold
in India by LEDs. This will result in reduction of 20,000 MW load, energy
savings of 100 billion kWh and Green House Gas (GHG) emissions savings of 80
million tons every year. The annual saving in electricity bills of consumers
will be Rs. 40,000 crore, considering average tariff of Rs. 4 per kWh.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.Shri Nitin Gadkari dedicates NIRBHAYA buses to the
public <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">In an attempt to provide
safe and secure transport to women, the Minister of Road Transport &
Highways and Shipping, Shri Nitin Gadkari dedicated 20 buses of the Rajasthan
State Road Transport Corporation, with IT enabled safety measures to the
public, at a function in the capital today. As an initiative of the Ministry of
Road Transport & Highways under the NIRBHAYA Scheme, 10 luxury buses, 10
general buses have been provided with Vehicle Tracking System (VTS), CCTV
cameras and Panic Buttons on every seat to provide immediate help to women
passengers in distress.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18.Cabinet gives ex-post facto approval to the
Amendments in the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 to modify the
list of Scheduled Tribes (STs) in Assam, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu,
Tripura and Puducherry <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi
has given its approval for introduction of two Bills in the Parliament for
certain amendments in the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 so as to
modify the list of Scheduled Tribes in respect of five States, namely, Assam,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu, Tripura and identification of new
communities in the Union Territory of Puducherry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The following communities as per approved modalities were found to
be eligible for their inclusion in, exclusion from and other modifications in
the list of Scheduled Tribes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.25pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sl.No.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">State / Union Territory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inclusion / Exclusion /
Rectification / Identification<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Community<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.25pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Assam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inclusion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i) Boro, Boro Kachari, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Bodo, Bodo Kachari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ii) Karbi (Mikir)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.25pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chhattisgarh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chhattisgarh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inclusion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rectification of Hindi Version of
the Notification<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">iii) Bhuinya, Bhuiyan, Bhuyan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">iv) Dhanuhar / Dhanuwar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">v) Kisan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">vi) Saunra, Saonra<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">vii) Dhangad<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.25pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jharkhand<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inclusion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.3in; text-indent: -0.3in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">viii) Bhogta, Deshwari, Ganjhu, Dautalbandi (Dwalbandi),
Patbandi, Raut, Maajhia, Khairi (Kheri)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ix) Puran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.25pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tamil Nadu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inclusion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> x) Malayali Gounder<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">xi) Narikoravan, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Kurivikkaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.25pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tripura<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inclusion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">xii) Darlong<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.25pt;" valign="top" width="62">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Puducherry<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Identification (First Order)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 157.25pt;" valign="top" width="210">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.3in; text-indent: -0.3in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">xiii) Irular (including Villi and Vettaikaran)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">After the Bill becomes as Act, members of the communities included
in the list of Scheduled Tribes will be able to derive benefits meant for
Scheduled Tribes under the existing schemes. Some of the major schemes of
this kind include Post Matric Scholarship, National Overseas Scholarship,
National Fellowship, Top Class Education, Concessional Loans from National
Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation, Hostels for ST boys and
girls etc. In addition to above, they will also be entitled to benefits
of reservation in services and admission to educational institutions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Consequently, existing entries in list of Scheduled Castes (SCs)
in case of Jharkhand and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) / Most Backward Classes
(MBCs) of Central / State lists would be modified.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Constitution of India provides certain privileges /
concessions to the members of Scheduled Tribes which are notified under the
provisions of Article 342 of the Constitution of India. First list of
Scheduled Tribes in relation to a State or Union Territory is to be issued by a
notified Order of the President after having consultation with the State
Government concerned. Any subsequent inclusion in or exclusion from the
list of Scheduled Tribes can be effected through an Act of Parliament as
envisaged under clause (2) of Article 342.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Government approved Modalities in June, 1999 as amended in
June 2002, for considering proposals in regard to modifications in the lists of
Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes. According to the approved
Modalities, amending legislation to the concerned Constitution Order is
proposed only in respect of such proposals of the concerned State Government /
Union Territory Administration, which have been agreed to both by the Registrar
General of India (RGI) as well as the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
(NCST).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19.Smt Maneka Sanjay Gandhi releases Draft Model
Rules under Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Union Minister of Women and Child Development, Smt Maneka
Sanjay Gandhi released the Draft Model Rules under the Juvenile Justice (Care
and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 in New Delhi today. The draft rules have
been released for stakeholder comments and suggestions. The Juvenile Justice
(Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015 has come into force from 15<sup>th</sup> January,
2016 repealing the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act,
2000.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Act is a comprehensive law with strengthened provisions for
children in conflict with law and those in need of care and protection. Some of
the key features include: special provisions for children who commit heinous
offences in the age group of 16-18 years; inclusion of new offences committed
against children, which were so far not adequately covered under any other law,
such as giving intoxicating liquor or narcotic drug or tobacco products to
children, sale and procurement of children for any purpose, corporal punishment
in child care institutions, etc.; mandatory registration of all Child Care
Institutions with punishment in case of non-compliance; and giving statutory
status to the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) to enable it to
perform its function more effectively. </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Draft Model Rules, 2016 that repeal the Model Rules, 2007,
are based on the philosophy that children need to be reformed and reintegrated
into society. The Rules are appreciative of the development needs of children
and therefore best interest of the child along with child friendly procedures
is incorporated across the provisions and is the primary consideration.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of the key features of the JJ Act, 2015 is special treatment
of children in the age group of 16-18 years who commit heinous offences. The
Draft rules prescribe detailed child friendly procedures for police, Juvenile
Justice Board (JJB) and Children’s Court. The Board and the Children’s Court
are to adhere to the principle of best interest of the child and the objective
of rehabilitation and reintegration of the child in the society. Every state
Government is required to set up at least one “place of safety” in a State for
the rehabilitation of such children. The Rules prescribe for extensive services
to be provided to such children through regular monitoring. </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">A principle of JJ Act, 2015 is that keeping children in
institutional care should be a measure of last resort. The Act therefore
provides for various de-institutionalization measures for children such as
adoption, foster care and sponsorship. The Draft rules prescribe detailed
procedures to give effect to these provisions. Various models of Group foster
care were reviewed and studied before drafting the relevant provisions in the
Rules. In addition to these, roles and responsibilities of various
functionaries responsible to provide care and protection to children have been
re-defined to bring clarity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">To facilitate quick and smooth adoption of children, the entire
adoption process has been made online and transparent. Simplified procedures
have been laid down for adoption by relatives. Child care institutions are
required to develop linkages with Specialized Adoption Agencies so that the
pool of adoptable children can be increased and these children can be brought
into the adoption process. Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA), which
was earlier a society has been given the status of a statutory body to enable
it to function better. The Draft Rules prescribe for a comprehensive list of
function of CARA, to facilitate its smooth functioning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The JJ Act, 2015 includes a separate chapter on offences against
child and several of the offences listed in this chapter were so far not
adequately covered under any other law. These include sale and procurement of
children for any purpose including illegal adoption, corporal punishment in
child care institutions, giving children intoxicating liquor or narcotic drug
or psychotropic substance or tobacco products, use of child by militant or
adult groups, offences against disabled children and, kidnapping and abduction
of children. For the effective implementation of these provisions, the Draft
Rules provides for child friendly procedures for reporting, recording and
trial. It is proposed that every police station will have child friendly
infrastructure, similarly special Children’s Room will be designated in every
Court complex.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">In addition to the Draft Rules, extensive Forms have also been
drafted to standardize and simplify prescribed procedures. A total of 49 Forms
have been drafted which is more than double the Forms in Model Rules, 2007.
Separate individual care forms for children in need of care and protection and
those in conflict with law have been created, form for social background report
by the police, which was lacking earlier has been developed to assist the
police in recording information about children. Form for period review of
children in the age group of 16-18 years who are placed in “place of safety”,
will assist in proper review of the progress of the child and also ensure
children are provided with adequate services for their rehabilitation. Several
other forms related to periodic report by probation officer, case monitoring
sheet, Comprehensive psycho-social report, Rehabilitation card, etc. will go a
long way in better understanding and implementation of the Act and Rules framed
thereunder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Ministry constituted a multi-disciplinary Committee to draft
the model rules. The committee comprised of a Senior Judge and advocates,
members of Juvenile Justice Board and Child Welfare Committee, representatives
of State Governments, representatives of the Ministry of Women and Child
Development, mental health expert, and civil society organizations, all working
in the field of child protection. After a comprehensive review of the Draft
Rules by the Ministry, these are being released today. Thereafter, Adoption
Regulations and Model Foster Care Guidelines under the JJ Act, 2015 will also
be placed in public domain shortly.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Draft Rules are also being placed on the website of the
Ministry</span><a href="http://www.wcd.nic.in/"><span style="color: purple; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">www.wcd.nic.in</span></a><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> for inviting suggestions /comments from the Civil Society
Organisations, Non-Government Organizations, Individuals, State Governments/UT
administrations and Ministries concerned. Comments are to be sent to the
Ministry at email id </span><a href="mailto:jjrules2016@gmail.com"><span style="color: purple; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jjrules2016@gmail.com</span></a><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> within 15 days starting from today.
</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20.President Mukherjee Outlines Eight Steps for a
People Centric Partnership Between India and China <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The President of India,
Shri Pranab Mukherjee delivered a lecture at Peking University today (May 26,
2016) on the topic “India-China Relations: 8 steps to a people-centric
partnership”.<br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21.Address by the President of India, Shri Pranab
Mukherjee at the Peking University, China on the Topic “India –China Relations:
8 Steps to a Partnership of the People” <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">India and China are the inheritors of a great
legacy – borne of our intensive intellectual and cultural contacts since the
first millennium. We cannot imagine our common history without the
central contribution of Kumarajiva or Bodhidharma or the records and
experiences of XuanZangand Fa Xian from China. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">There are, of course, periods of which we do not
have much information – perhaps these were stretches of time when there was
less direct contact. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">In the early years of the last century, when
India and China were engaged in a common struggle to break free of foreign
domination and regain their rightful place in the world order, we had drawn strength
and inspiration from each other. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Indians fondly remember the solidarity and
support extended by China’s leaders to our freedom movement. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Similarly, the Chinese people recall, with
appreciation, the 1925 Resolution of the Indian National Congress in support of
China after British-Indian troops had been dispatched to suppress an
anti-imperialist struggle in China. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Medical Mission led by Dr. Kotnis in 1938
was yet another example of the genuine bonds of friendship and humanity between
our people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mindful of the glorious past of our two
civilizations, independent India was determined to seek friendship with China.
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, as the President of the Indian National Congress,
addressing the Sino-Indian Cultural Society on 28 December 1945 in
Shantiniketan, articulated our vision of the India-China friendship. In his
words, "<i>A strong and united China and a strong and united India must
come close to each other. Their amity and friendship will not only lead to
mutual benefit but will also benefit the world at large."</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">In the last seven decades, our bilateral
relations have been tested by difficulties and challenges; but the
determination of the Indian people to safeguard their friendship with the
people of China has visibly endured. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Today, as India and China pursue their
respective developmental goals we both seek to live in friendship and realise
our common dream of an Asian Century. Both our nations have reaped rich
political and economic dividends from this wise and judicious approach.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Today, at a time of global economic uncertainty,
our two countries, despite the pressure of having 40 per cent of the world’s
human population, have managed to maintain unity and growth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Our joint contribution to the world economy as
well as regional and global stability, cannot be underestimated: India and
China are poised to join the ranks of leading global powers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">It is incumbent on us, as emerging economic
powers to remain equally focused on nurturing regional and global prosperity.
We both are at the threshold of an opportunity to join hands and create a
resurgence, a positive energy, an “Asian Century”. This will not be an easy
task. We will need to overcome obstacles with resolve and fortitude. We
must persevere to realise this dream. We can do this together. We can do it if
we join hands in a durable friendship. I would like to share my vision on how
we could do this.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">First :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">I would stress that political understanding
between our two nations is vital for a Closer Developmental Partnership. One of
the ways it could be done is through <b>enhanced political communication</b>.
We have broadened the “common ground” and learned to manage our differences.
There are challenges -including the Boundary Question that still need to be
addressed comprehensively. While it is natural for neighbours to have a
difference of views on certain issues from time to time, I consider it a test
of our political acumen when we are called upon to draw upon our civilisational
wisdom and resolve these differences to the mutual satisfaction of both sides.
Both sides should work with the aim of ensuring that we do not burden our
coming generations by leaving our unresolved problems and differences to them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">It is for these reasons that I am glad that we
are steadily diversifying our partnership in every area of common interest.
China is our largest trading partner. Our developmental experiences are
arguably most relevant for each other. Our respective achievements in
infrastructure, mobility, energy, skills development, healthcare, education and
urbanization offer a fertile ground for exchange and cooperation. Our defence
& security exchanges now include annual military exercises. There is
greater Chinese investment in India and vice versa. Government-to-Government
mechanisms include high-level dialogues between the National Reform and
Development Commission of China and the NITI Aayog of India. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> I
therefore propose that our two sides should focus on fostering <u>a
people-centric partnership</u> to create a broad level of contact between
our two countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">To build a people-centric partnership we must
have mutual trust predicated on mutual respect and a better appreciation
of our respective political and social systems. This can be achieved by closer
contacts at all levels. As you are aware, India chose to be a secular
parliamentary democracy. Our system of participative governance is founded on
the principles of tolerance, inclusiveness and consensus. Attempts to
derail our peace through acts of terrorism have not shaken our faith. Our society
is resilient and public interest is protected by a free media, an independent
judiciary and a vibrant civil society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Second</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">, both India and China are ‘young’ societies. Our youth share
common aspirations and perceptions. Their annual exchanges have been fruitful
but both sides need to synergize their potential by including more
educational opportunities, youth festivals, sports exchanges, youth-oriented
tourism and social media linkages etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Third</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">, as citizens of a digital age, we recognise the power of visual
images. This makes joint film production a useful instrument for creating
positive perceptions .We should endeavor to expand the reach of our initiatives
though regular screening and televising of our films and programmes in both countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Fourth</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">, we need to re-invigorate our intellectual and cultural
exchanges. Yoga in India and Tai Chi in China as well as traditional medicine
are part of our cultural heritage. Our annual India-China Think-Tank Forum and
High-level Media Forum are good initiatives. Greater exchanges between
institutions of higher learning, more cultural festivals and joint research and
scholarship programmes can help dispel the notion that we need to look to the
West and not to each other to make progress in education, science &
technology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Fifth</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">, travel can be a very important binding factor. It is obvious
that in the coming decade, Indians and Chinese will represent the largest
volume of tourist travel globally. The immense potential of India as a tourism
destination must be better projected. I commend both Governments for holding
the Visit India Year in China last year and the Visit China Year in India this
year. We welcome your Government's decision to open a second route for the
Kailash-Mansarovar pilgrimage. Indians would like to have more opportunities to
travel to their holy sites in China and, in turn, welcome more Chinese visits
to Buddhist pilgrimage centres in India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sixth</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">, civil society is playing an increasingly significant role in
both our societies, addressing a range of common concerns including the
challenges of urbanization, environmental degradation, the urgent need for
skills development and the digital divide. By pursuing sustainable solutions
and sharing experiences, civil societies on both sides can collaborate – duly
respecting the parameters in which they are required to operate in our
respective countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Seventh</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">, we have a common approach to global and developmental issues
that facilitate our strong cooperation in multilateral fora including the
G-20, BRICS, EAS, AIIB, SCO and the United Nations. We can use such platforms
to enhance public awareness of the desire of both our countries for a
shared future shaped by us together. As our respective peoples and the world
see our Governments working together at the global and regional level,
they, too, will support and contribute to the achievement of our shared goals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Finally</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">, trade and commerce can be the most powerful agents in
reinforcing our complementarities. We are pleased that in the past decade there
has been substantial growth in our bilateral trade and investment ties, but
there is a vast untapped potential waiting to be fully realised. We invite
Chinese companies to participate in the 'Make in India' initiative and to join
us in Start Up India. Let us jointly innovate to create a new model for
business.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ladies and gentlemen, I am confident that by
placing these eight pillars at the foundation of a “people centric” approach we
can successfully enhance and strengthen our co-operation to the mutual benefit
of both our peoples.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">In 1942, Gandhiji had said "<i>I look
forward to the day when a free India and a free China will cooperate together
in friendship and brotherhood for their own good and for the good of Asia and
the world</i>." I call on the peoples of India and China to tirelessly
strive for that objective - despite the current challenges. I am confident that
we can work together to achieve this golden vision.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22.IAF Participation in Ex Desert Eagle – II at
UAE <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">A bilateral Air Force
exercise between India and United Arab Emirates (UAE) is underway at Al-Dhafra
Air Base in UAE from 24 May 16 to 03 Jun 16. Ex-Desert Eagle-I with UAE Air
Force was held at the same location in Sep 08. Su-30 MkI of the Indian Air
Force and Mirage 2000-9, F-16 of UAE Air Force are participating in the
exercise.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 9pt 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23.“Mission 11 Million” to engage more than 11
million children in activities relating to Football to be launched in October,
2016 <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Union Ministry of
Youth Affairs and Sports has urged the states and Union Territories to take
necessary steps to popularize and promote the sport of Football in their
territory in order to make the FIFA U-17 World Cup a huge success, by including
Football in various programmes of the State Governments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> In a letter sent to all Chief Secretaries of
states and Union Territories, the Secretary, Department of Sports Shri Rajiv
Yadav has said that FIFA U-17 World Cup is going to be held in India in
October, 2017 and it is the first time that this prestigious tournament will be
held in India.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-30108415063914602092016-05-26T00:47:00.001-07:002016-05-26T00:47:22.897-07:00PIB NEWS : (8.5.2016 to 14.5.2016)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.PM addresses International Convention on Universal
Message of Simhastha<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, today addressed the
International Convention on the Universal Message of the Simhastha, at Ninaura
near Ujjain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">President Sirisena accompanied the Prime Minister from Indore, and
both leaders arrived at the Convention together.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Addressing the gathering, which has also been described as a
“Vichar Kumbh” on the sidelines of the Kumbh Mela, the Prime Minister described
this convention as the birth of a new effort. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">He said this was a modern edition of what might have happened in
ancient times, when thought-leaders of society would gather at the sites of
Kumbh melas, to reflect and provide new vision to society.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Speaking at length on Indian tradition and culture, he said that
the mantra of a ‘Bhikshuk’ is “may good happen to the person who gives me alms,
and even to the person who does not.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Prime Minister gave several other illustrations of the values
and humanism which define Indian culture.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Referring to the launch of the Simhasth Declaration, which was
dedicated to the world by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Sri Lankan President
Maithripala Sirisena, and Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan,
the Prime Minister said this will mark the start of a new discourse not only in
India but around the world.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Prime Minister suggested that a ‘Vichar Kumbh’ should be held
every year, to discuss issues such as afforestation and education of the girl
child. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.Exercise Red Flag:<br />
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
The IAF Team Sets Course Back at the end of a ‘Perfect Flag’ <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Red Flag Alaska
16-1, </span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">which was an<b> </b>advanced
aerial combat training exercise hosted at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska (a
successor to the previous COPE THUNDER exercise series) held in the Alaska
region, concluded on 14 May 16. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The main phase of the
exercise had commenced on 28 Apr 16 with a mix of combat and support elements
participating from IAF, USAF and USN. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.Cabinet approves National Intellectual Property
Rights Policy <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">“Creative India; Innovative India: </span></b><b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">रचनात्मक</span></b><b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">भारत</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">; </span></b><b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">अभिनव</span></b><b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><b><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt;">भारत</span></b><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Union Cabinet yesterday approved the National Intellectual
Property Rights (IPR) Policy that will lay the future roadmap for intellectual
property in India. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Policy recognises the abundance of creative and innovative
energies that flow in India, and the need to tap into and channelise these
energies towards a better and brighter future for all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Policy recognizes
that India has a well-established TRIPS-compliant legislative,
administrative and judicial framework to safeguard IPRs, which meets its
international obligations while utilizing the flexibilities provided in the
international regime to address its developmental concerns. It reiterates
India’s commitment to the Doha Development Agenda and the TRIPS agreement.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The broad contours of
the National IPR Policy are as follows:</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Vision Statement:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> An
India where creativity and innovation are stimulated by Intellectual Property
for the benefit of all; an India where intellectual property promotes advancement
in science and technology, arts and culture, traditional knowledge and
biodiversity resources; an India where knowledge is the main driver of
development, and knowledge owned is transformed into knowledge shared.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mission
Statement</span></b><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">:</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Stimulate
a dynamic, vibrant and balanced intellectual property rights system in India
to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 39.75pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">foster
creativity and innovation and thereby, promote entrepreneurship and enhance
socio-economic and cultural development, and</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 39.75pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">focus
on enhancing access to healthcare, food security and environmental protection,
among other sectors of vital social, economic and technological importance.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Objectives:</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Policy lays down the following seven
objectives:</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> 1.IPR
Awareness: Outreach and Promotion - To create public awareness about the
economic, social and cultural benefits of IPRs among all sections of society.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> 2.Generation
of IPRs - To stimulate the generation of IPRs.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> 3.Legal
and Legislative Framework - To have strong and effective IPR laws, which
balance the interests of rights owners with larger public interest.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> 4.Administration
and Management - To modernize and strengthen service-oriented IPR
administration.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> 5.Commercialization
of IPRs - Get value for IPRs through commercialization.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> 6.Enforcement
and Adjudication - To strengthen the enforcement and adjudicatory mechanisms
for combating IPR infringements.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> 7.Human
Capital Development - To strengthen and expand human resources, institutions
and capacities for teaching, training, research and skill building in IPRs.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">These objectives are
sought to be achieved through detailed action points. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The action by different
Ministries/ Departments shall be monitored by DIPP which shall be the nodal
department to coordinate, guide and oversee implementation and future
development of IPRs in India.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The National Intellectual Property Rights
(IPR) Policy will endeavor for a “Creative India; Innovative India.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold;">4.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">Earth Day :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The <span style="text-transform: uppercase;">E</span>arth Day
is celebrated on 22<sup>nd</sup>April every year to create awareness among the
public regarding issue related to Environment & Conservation of Mother
Earth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">On the Earth day this year India signed the Paris Agreement on
Climate Change . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Paris Agreement is meant to enhance the implementation of
the Convention and aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of
climate change. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In this regard, the Government has taken various measures such
as introduction of cleaner technologies in thermal power generation, promoting
renewable energy generation, energy efficiency, implementation of Green India
Mission, programmes related to afforestation and activities aimed at reducing
vulnerability to climate change.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.Climate change <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The National Centre for
Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR) has implemented following major research activities
in respect of climate change on North Pole.<br />
<br />
i. Long term monitoring of Kongsfjorden system of Arctic region for climate
change studies to study long term variability of physical and biogeochemical
parameters of the fjord.<br />
<br />
ii. Investigations of atmospheric aerosols and there characterization over the
Arctic during summer season to study Arctic haze formation and its impact on
ice melt in the region in association with changes in radiative forcing and
snow scavenging.<br />
<br />
iii. Holocene climate change and sedimentation Pattern in Ny-Ålesund area,
Svalbard through studying sediment dynamics and deposition of core samples
collected.<br />
<br />
iv. Mass balance and dynamics of selected glaciers of Spitsbergen, Svalbard to
collect relevant number of snow samples (installed stake/snow pit) and further
analyse them for ionic and trace metal concentration. Similarly meltwater will
be collected from stream for their analysis of ionic and trace metal
concentration.<br />
<br />
v. Monitoring of Arctic using Micro Rain Radar and measuring the temperature
and humidity profiles using a Microwave Radiometer.<br />
<br />
vi. Investigation of dissolved as well as sedimentary forms of Organic matter
in the Kongsfjorden for Dissolved as well as Particulate Partitioning of
organic Matter Pool through measurement of DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) and
DON (Dissolved Organic Nitrogen). Particulate organic Carbon and Nitrogen (POC
and PON) Carbohydrates Monosacharides and Polysacharides.<br />
<br />
This was stated by the Minister of State for Science & Technology and Earth
Sciences, Shri Y.S.Chowdary in a written reply to a question in the Lok Sabha
today. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.Conversion of sea water into potable water <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The cost of conversion of sea water into potable water depends
primarily on the type of technology, capacity of the plant, location and cost
of electricity which varies from place to place. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">According to the cost estimates made in August 2010 by an
independent agency for Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD) technology,
indigenously developed and demonstrated by the National Institute of Ocean
Technology (NIOT), an autonomous Institute under Ministry of Earth Sciences,
the cost per litre of desalinated potable water is about <u>61 paise for
island based plants</u>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">NIOT has set up one LTTD plant with its own funds at Kavaratti
with a cost of about Rs. 5 crores and two plants, one each at Minicoy and
Agatti islands with funds from Lakshadweep Administration with a cost Rs. 10.4
crores and Rs. 16.4 crores, respectively. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">One experimental LTTD plant using condenser waste heat from power
plant was set up at North Chennai Thermal Power Station (NCTPS) with an
expenditure of Rs. 4.5 crores by NIOT.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold;">7 .</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">Parliament passes the Insolvency and Bankruptcy
Code :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 67.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Today is a historical day for economic reforms in India when the
Rajya Sabha passed the major economic reform Bill moved by the Government i.e.
‘Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016’. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">This is considered as the biggest economic reform next only to
GST. The Lok Sabha had earlier passed the Bill on 5th May, 2016.<br />
<br />
In India, the legal and institutional machinery for dealing with debt default
has not been in line with global standards. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The recovery action by creditors, either through the Contract Act
or through special laws such as the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and
Financial Institutions Act, 1993 and the Securitisation and Reconstruction of
Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002, has not had
desired outcomes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Similarly, action through the Sick Industrial Companies (Special
Provisions) Act, 1985 and the winding up provisions of the Companies Act, 1956
have neither been able to aid recovery for lenders nor aid restructuring of
firms. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Laws dealing with individual insolvency, the Presidential Towns
insolvency Act, 1909 and the Provincial Insolvency Act. 1920, are almost a
century old. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">This has hampered the confidence of the lender. When lenders are
unconfident, debt access for borrowers is diminished. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">This reflects in the state of the credit markets in India. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Secured credit by banks is the largest component of the credit
market in India. The corporate bond market is yet to develop.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The law aims to consolidate the laws relating to insolvency of
companies and limited liability entities (including limited liability
partnerships and other entities with limited liability), unlimited liability
partnerships and individuals, presently contained in a number of legislations,
into a single legislation. Such consolidation will provide for a greater
clarity in law and facilitate the application of consistent and coherent provisions
to different stakeholders affected by business failure or inability to pay
debt.<br />
<br />
The salient features of the law are as follows:<br />
<br />
i- Clear, coherent and speedy process for early identification of financial
distress and resolution of companies and limited liability entities if the underlying
business is found to be viable.<br />
<br />
ii- Two distinct processes for resolution of individuals, namely- “Fresh Start”
and “Insolvency Resolution”.<br />
<br />
iii- </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Debt Recovery Tribunal and National Company Law Tribunal </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">to act
as Adjudicating Authority and deal with the cases related to insolvency,
liquidation and bankruptcy process in respect of individuals and unlimited
partnership firms and in respect of companies and limited liabilities entities
respectively.<br />
<br />
iv- Establishment of an </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> to
exercise regulatory oversight over insolvency professionals, insolvency
professional agencies and information utilities.<br />
<br />
v- Insolvency professionals would handle the commercial aspects of insolvency
resolution process. Insolvency professional agencies will develop professional
standards, code of ethics and be first level regulator for insolvency
professionals members leading to development of a competitive industry for such
professionals.<br />
<br />
vi- Information utilities would collect, collate, authenticate and disseminate
financial information to be used in insolvency, liquidation and bankruptcy
proceedings.<br />
<br />
vii- Enabling provisions to deal with cross border insolvency.<br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The essential idea of the new law is that when a firm defaults on
its debt, control shifts from the shareholders / promoters to a Committee of
Creditors, who have 180 days in which to evaluate proposals from various
players about resuscitating the company or taking it into liquidation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">When decisions are taken in a time-bound manner, there is a
greater chance that the firm can be saved as a going concern, and the
productive resources of the economy (the labour and the capital) can be put to
the best use. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">This is in complete departure with the experience under the SICA
regime where there were delays leading to destruction of the value of the
firm. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The vision of the new law is to encourage entrepreneurship and
innovation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Some business ventures will always fail, but they will be handled
rapidly and swiftly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">A key innovation of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code is four
pillars of institutional infrastructure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The first pillar of institutional infrastructure is a class of
regulated persons, the ‘</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insolvency Professionals</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">’. They would play a key role
in the efficient working of the bankruptcy process. They would be regulated by
‘</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Insolvency Professional Agencies</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">’. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The second pillar of institutional infrastructure is a new
industry of `</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Information Utilities</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">'. These would store facts
about lenders and terms of lending in electronic databases. This would
eliminate delays and disputes about facts when default does take place. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The third pillar of institutional infrastructure is in
adjudication. The </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">NCLT</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> will be the forum </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">where firm</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">
insolvency will be heard and </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">DRT</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">s will be the forum </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">where
individual insolvencies</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> will be heard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">These institutions, along with their Appellate bodies, viz., NCLAT
and DRATs will be adequately strengthened so as to achieve world class
functioning of the bankruptcy process. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The fourth pillar of institutional infrastructure is a regulator
viz., ‘</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">’.
This body will have regulatory over-sight over the Insolvency Professional,
Insolvency Professional agencies and information utilities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code is thus a comprehensive and
systemic reform, which will give a quantum leap to the functioning of the
credit market. It would take India from among relatively weak insolvency
regimes to becoming one of the world's best insolvency regimes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">It lays the foundations for the development of the corporate bond
market, which would finance the infrastructure projects of the future. The
passing of this Code and implementation of the same will give a big boost to
ease of doing business in India. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.Union Home Minister addresses 4th Ministerial
Meeting of SAIEVAC <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">
The Union Home Minister Shri Rajnath Singh addressed the 4<sup>th</sup> Ministerial
Meeting of the </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">South Asia Initiative
to End Violence Against Children (SAIEVAC)</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">, here today. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Chairing the meeting
Shri Rajnath Singh said that the safety, security, dignity and wellbeing of our
children and young people will determine the wellbeing and strength of our
countries. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Following is the text of
the Union Home Minister’s address:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.Literacy Among Muslims <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 82.3pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Pursuant to the receipt of Sachar committee Report, it was decided
to carry out a mass mobilization campaign in all districts, having a substantial
population of Muslims, to generate awareness about the need for literacy and
elementary education and to promote vocational education and skill development.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 82.3pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">A special literacy drive was to be taken up in these districts to
improve the overall literacy rate and especially the literacy rate of Muslim
women.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 82.3pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Saakshar Bharat, a centrally sponsored scheme for adult education
and skill development, is being implemented since October, 2006 in the rural
areas of 410 districts in 26 States and 1 UT that had adult female literacy of
50% or lower as per Census 2001, and all left wing extremism affected districts
irrespective of their literacy rates. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 82.3pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The main goal of the programme is to increase the country’s
literacy rate to 80% and reduce the gender gap of 10 percentage points. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 82.3pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The programme is primarily focused on women, SCs, STs, Muslim
minorities and other disadvantaged groups in the rural areas in low literacy
States / UTs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 82.3pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The principal target of the Saakshar Bharat programme is to impart
functional literacy to 70 million adults in the age-group of 15 years and
beyond. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 82.3pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ministry of Human Resource Development has informed that 30.08% of
the total enrolment in minority districts was of Muslim children in 2012-13
which increased to 31.22% in 2013-14. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 82.3pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Further, as per Census 2011, the literacy rate among Muslims is
68.5% (Muslim Males- 74.7% and Muslim Females- 62%), which is much higher as
compared to the literacy rate of 59.1% among Muslims as per Census 2001.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 82.3pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The percentage of recruitment of minorities in Central Government
/ Public Sector Undertakings was 8.56% in 2014-15 in comparison to 7.89% during
2013-14. Besides, as per Census 2011, the Work Participation Rate (WPR) for the
Muslims was 32.6 % (reason for not working by an individual is not collected in
the Census) as compared to 31.3 % as per Census 2001.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.2pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Government is already implementing a number of schemes /
initiatives for educational empowerment of minorities, including Muslims, so as
to ensure their adequate representation in technical and higher educational
institutions as well as the Government jobs for the minorities. </span><span style="color: #231e1f; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A list of schemes/initiatives implemented by
theMinistry of Minority Affairs and other Central Ministries for </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">educational empowerment of</span><span style="color: #231e1f; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">minorities, including Muslims, </span><span style="color: #231e1f; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is-</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.2pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10. DETAILS OF SCHEMES /
INITIATIVES MEANT FOR EDUCATIONAL ENHANCEMENT</span></b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">/ <b>EMPOWERMENT OF MINORITIES ARE AS UNDER:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">1. Pre-Matric Scholarship<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.35pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">2. Post-Matric Scholarship<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.35pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">3.Merit-cum-Means Scholarship<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.45pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">4.Maulana Azad National Fellowship<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">5.Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme for
providing services through Anganwadi Centres<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 2.2pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">6.Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) and opening of Kasturba Gandhi
Balika Vidyalayas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.35pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">7.‘Padho Pardesh'- Interest subsidy on educational loans for
overseas studies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">8.‘Nai Udaan'- Support for students clearing Prelims conducted by
UPSC, SSC, State Public Service Commissions, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 2.25pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">9.Scheme for Providing Quality Education in Madarsas (SPQEM)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">10.Scheme for Infrastructure Development of Minority Institutions
(IDMI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.4pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">11.Greater Resources for Teaching Urdu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">12.Free Coaching and Allied Scheme<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">13.Schemes of Maulana Azad Education Foundation (MAEF) for
promotion of education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 2.25pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">14.Mid Day Meal Scheme<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">15.Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">16.Sakshar Bharat/ Maulana Azad Taleem-e-Balighan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">17.Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">18.Block Institutes of Teachers Education<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.4pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">19. Women’s Hostel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">20.Educational loans given by the National Minority Development
& Finance Commission (NMDFC).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 2.2pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">21.Educational loans under Priority Sector Lending.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 6.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 31.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">22.Issue of guidelines for giving special consideration for recruitment
of minorities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">23.Educational infrastructures created under Multi-sectoral
Development Programme (MsDP) in the minority concentration blocks/towns.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -13.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">24.Nai Manzil- A Scheme to Provide Education and Skill Training to
the Youth from Minority Communities (a new scheme).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.65pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The salient features of the Sachar Committee, which submitted its
Report on 17.11.2006, inter-alia, with respect to educational status and
Employment and Economic opportunities of the Muslims in the country are
at <b>enlisted</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.65pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page3"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="page4"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.8pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<u><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Educational
status of the Muslims</span></u><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.15pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -30.05pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">i.The literacy rate among Muslims was 59.1%, which was below the
national average of 64.8%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 1.9pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.8pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -30.85pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">ii. The mean years of schooling (MYS) is lower compared to
the average MYS for all children.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -34.95pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">iii. 25% of Muslim children in the age of 6 — 14 years
age group have either never attended school or have dropped out.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 1.95pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.8pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -33.9pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">iv. The majority of Muslim girls and boys fail in their
matriculation examination or drop out before that.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.15pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -33.15pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">v. Less than 4% of Muslims are graduates or diploma holders
compared to about 7% of the population aged 20 years and above.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.15pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -35.6pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">vi.There is a strong desire and enthusiasm for education among
Muslim women and girls across the board.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.15pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -33.6pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">vii. Schools beyond primary level are few in Muslim
localities. Exclusive schools for girls are fewer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 2.05pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 38.8pt; text-indent: -38.8pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">viii. Lack of hostel facilities is a limiting factor,
especially for girls.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.05pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.65pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -35.6pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">ix. Muslim parents are not averse to modern or mainstream
education and to sending their children to affordable Government schools. They
do not necessarily prefer to send children to Madarsas. However, the access to
Government schools for Muslim children is limited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 15.8pt; vertical-align: top;">
<u><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Employment and Economic
opportunities of the Muslims</span></u><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -25.55pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">i. Self-employment is the main source of
income of Muslims. They are engaged more in self-employed manufacturing and
trade activities compared to others.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.15pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.75pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -28.05pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">ii. The share of Muslim workers engaged in
street vending is the highest. More than 12 per cent of Muslim male workers are
engaged in street vending as compared to the national average of less than 8
per cent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 3.35pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -30.45pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">iii. The percentage of women Muslim workers
undertaking work within their own homes is much larger at 70 per cent compared
to all workers at 51 per cent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.25pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.8pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -10.9pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">iv. The share of Muslims in the total workers engaged
in the tobacco and textiles/garment related
industries are quite significant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.15pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -28.65pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">v. The share of Muslim workers in
production related activities and transport equipment operation is much higher
at 34%, as against 21% of all workers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.15pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -31.1pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">vi. More than 16 per cent of Muslims
were engaged as sales workers, while the national average was only about 10 per
cent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.1pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.65pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -33.6pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">vii. While the participation of Muslim
workers is relatively higher in production and sales related occupations, their
participation was relatively lower in professional, technical, clerical and to
some extent managerial work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 3.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">viii. Muslims, by and large, are
engaged in the unorganized sector of the economy and have to bear the brunt of
liberalization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.15pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -31.1pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">ix. The participation of Muslims in
regular salaried jobs is much less than workers of other socio-religious
categories.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.15pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.75pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -33.15pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">x. Muslims are
relatively more vulnerable in terms of conditions of work as their
concentration in informal sector employment is higher and their job conditions,
even among regular workers, are less for Muslims than those of other
socio-religious communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 3.35pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.0pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -31.1pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">xi. Percentage of households availing
banking facilities is much lower in villages where the share of Muslim
population is high.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This Information was given by Shri Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi, the
Minister of State for Minority affairs, in reply to a question in Lok Sabha
today.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Minister of State (Independent Charge)
for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Shri Rajiv Pratap Rudy has said
that Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) is a flagship skill
development scheme of Government of India </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">targeting to cover 24
lakh youth in the country</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">In a written reply in the Lok Sabha today
the Minister said, The scheme is being implemented by National Skill
Development Corporation (NSDC). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">As on 25<sup>th</sup> April, 2016, a
total of 17.58 lakh candidates have been trained and 5.77 lakh have been
certified and 81978 placed under PMKVY. </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.ECO-Tourism Around Freshwater Lakes in India <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 4.5pt 6pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> For
development of tourism infrastructure in the country, the Ministry of Tourism
has launched the </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Swadesh Darshan scheme</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> - Integrated Development of Theme-Based Tourist
Circuits, in 2014-15. Eco Circuit has been identified as one of the thirteen
thematic circuits for development under the scheme. The Ministry has sanctioned
following projects to various State Governments under Eco Circuit theme of
Swadesh Darshan scheme:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(Rs. in Crore)</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 52%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 14.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 13.06%;" valign="top" width="13%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sl. No.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.54%;" valign="top" width="51%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Name of the Project</span></b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4%;" valign="top" width="35%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Amt. Sanctioned</span></b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 47.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 47.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 13.06%;" valign="top" width="13%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 47.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.54%;" valign="top" width="51%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Integrated Development of Eco-Tourism, Adventure Sports,
Associated Tourism related Infrastructure for Development of Tehri Lake &
Surroundings as New Destination-District Tehri, Uttarakhand.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 47.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4%;" valign="top" width="35%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">80.37<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 13.06%;" valign="top" width="13%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.54%;" valign="top" width="51%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Integrated Development of Eco Tourism Circuit in
Mahaboobnagar district, Telangana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4%;" valign="top" width="35%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">91.62<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 13.06%;" valign="top" width="13%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 51.54%;" valign="top" width="51%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Development of Pathanamthitta – Gavi – Vagamon –
Thekkady as Eco Tourism Circuit in Idduki and Pathanamthitta Districts
in Kerala.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.45pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.4%;" valign="top" width="35%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">99.22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.High Incidence of Sickle Cell Anaemia <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The prevalence of Sickle
Cell Anemia is higher in the tribal belt of Western,Central and Southern Indian
States having Schedule V Areas; not so much in the tribes of North-East India
including Schedule VI areas.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The sickle cell gene is
passed from generation to generation in a pattern of inheritance. Government
has decided to screen three crore tribal children across the country to find
the severity of incidences of Sickle Cell Anemia among them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The children with Sickle
Cell trait or disease are counselled through their parents not to marry the
other carrying trait or disease in order to control spread of the disease to
next generation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Ministry organized
regional training workshops in collaboration with Indian Council of Medical
Research (ICMR) to facilitate State/ UTs to train adequate manpower to
undertake the screening exercise using a simple and cost effective screening
test developed by ICMR. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">In addition, Department
of Biotechnology is involved in research to find cure of the disease.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">A statement showing
result of screening process for determining incidences of Sickle Cell Trait /
Disease among ST persons in the States having Schedule V areas is given below:-</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 566px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.6pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">S. No.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.15pt;" valign="top" width="135">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Name of
the States having Schedule V areas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 286.6pt;" valign="top" width="382">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Result of
Sickle Cell Anemia Screening as on 31.12.2015</span></b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No. of
persons screened</span></b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 151.6pt;" valign="top" width="202">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No. of
Cases Detected Positive (Trait / Disease)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.6pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.15pt;" width="135">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andhra Pradesh</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">87617<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 151.6pt;" valign="top" width="202">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">53<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.6pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.15pt;" width="135">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chhattisgarh</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">172893</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 151.6pt;" valign="top" width="202">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21857</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.6pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.15pt;" width="135">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gujarat</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8644928</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 151.6pt;" valign="top" width="202">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">758827</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 4.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.6pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.4pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.15pt;" width="135">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.4pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Himachal Pradesh</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.4pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 4.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 151.6pt;" valign="top" width="202">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 4.4pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 10.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.6pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.15pt;" width="135">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jharkhand</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.95pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">300<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 151.6pt;" valign="top" width="202">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.95pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.6pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.15pt;" width="135">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Madhya Pradesh</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">386288</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 151.6pt;" valign="top" width="202">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">923</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 10.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.6pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.15pt;" width="135">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maharashtra</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.95pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1123475<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 151.6pt;" valign="top" width="202">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.95pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">81060<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.6pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.15pt;" width="135">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Odisha</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">48091<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 151.6pt;" valign="top" width="202">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10241<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 10.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.6pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.15pt;" width="135">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rajasthan</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.95pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">143<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 151.6pt;" valign="top" width="202">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.95pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.6pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.15pt;" width="135">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telangana</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23392<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 151.6pt;" valign="top" width="202">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.3pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">617<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 10.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.75pt;" valign="top" width="184">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.0pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10487127</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 10.95pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 151.6pt;" valign="top" width="202">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">873590</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 13.75pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">NA
= Not Available</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 11.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: 13.7pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> This information
was given by Union Minister of State for Tribal Affairs Shri Mansukhbhai
Dhanjibhai Vasava in a written reply in Rajya Sabha today.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.Projects allotted to NGOS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Ministry of Tribal
Affairs has formulated the following schemes for the welfare of STs:-<br />
<br />
(a) Grants in aid to Voluntary Organizations working for the welfare of
Scheduled Tribes.<br />
<br />
(b) Strengthening Education among Scheduled Tribe Girls in Low Literacy
Districts.<br />
<br />
(c) Vocational Training in Tribal Areas.<br />
<br />
(d) Development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).<br />
<br />
The objective of the schemes, inter-alia, is to encourage development of tribal
through voluntary efforts for temporarily filling gaps in areas like health,
education, livelihood etc. Ministry of Tribal Affairs had got evaluation of the
schemes conducted by an Independent Agency in States of Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand,
Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. The gap-filling intervention thorough these
schemes have made positive impact in the life of needy tribals as reported by
the independent evaluation study.<br />
<br />
This information was given by Union Minister of State for Tribal Affairs Shri
Mansukhbhai Dhanjibhai Vasava in a written reply in Rajya Sabha today. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 12pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 12pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.The three day historic meeting of SAARC countries
ends with a commitment to set up a uniform toll free Helpline for children
across the region <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Member countries to cooperate on ICT initiatives to
trace missing children, on the lines of Track child and Khoya paya</span></b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The
three day historic meeting of South Asia Initiative to End Violence Against
Children (SAIEVAC) ended in New Delhi today with a stepped up commitment to
promote child rights and safety and security of children in the SAARC region. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The
meeting saw an enthusiastic participation of Ministers and delegates from
across the SAARC region. The Union Home Minister, Government of India, Shri
Rajnath Singh was the Chief Guest at today’s Ministerial meeting.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 6pt 0in; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.Exercise Chakravyuh-II Culminates <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">
In a follow up to ‘<b>Exercise Shatrujeet’</b> by the Strike Corps (Strike
One) last month, the pivot formations held the fortnight-longmilitary
training exercise codenamed “<b>Exercise CHAKRAVYUH-II</b>”
which concluded today in the general area of Suratgarh in Rajasthan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The exercise conceptualized by the Pivot Corps involved rapid
mobilization and execution of plans in sync with the Air Force </span><span style="color: #191a1c; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">in
desert terrain</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> and was declared a success. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The exercise validated the battle readiness and operational
effectiveness of <b>the RAPID Division</b> along with all its
affiliated components.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; text-indent: 0.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.Government takes various steps in last two years
to curb the menace of Black Money both within and outside the country.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The present Government
has taken various decisions and steps to curb the menace of black money both
within and outside the country in last two years. Some of the major decisions
and actions taken in this regard are given below:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">1.</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <b>Sustained
steps taken for curbing black money:-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(a) A new <b>Black Money Act</b> has
been enacted with strict penalty provisions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(b) Special Investigation Team has
been constituted which is chaired by ex-Supreme Court Judge Justice M.B.
Shah vide notification dated 29<sup>th</sup> May, 2014.. Many <b>recommendations
of SIT</b> have been <b>implemented since then</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(c) A new Income Disclosure Scheme is
formulated for domestic black money.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(d) Enhanced enforcement measures
have resulted in <b>un-earthing of tax evasion</b> of
approximately <b>Rs 50,000 Crore</b> of indirect taxes and <b>undisclosed
income</b> of <b>Rs 21,000 Crore</b> (Prov.). The value of <b>goods
seized</b> on account of smuggling activities has increased to Rs 3,963
Crore in the last two years (<b>32% increase</b> over corresponding two
previous years).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.95pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(e) <b>Prosecution</b> has been
launched in <b>1466</b> cases as against 1169 cases in the previous
two years (<b>25%</b> increase).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">2.</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <b>Amendments
made in Prevention of Money-laundering Act, 2002, vide Finance Act, 2015 :</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The definition of proceeds of crime under PMLA has been amended to
enable attachment and confiscation of equivalent asset in India where the asset
located abroad cannot be forfeited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Section 8(8) has been inserted in PMLA providing for restoring
confiscated property or part thereof, on the directions of Special Court to
claimants with a legitimate interest in the property, who may have suffered a
quantifiable loss as a result of the offences of money laundering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 4.5pt; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> Section 132 of Customs Act which deals with offence relating
to false declaration / documents in the transaction of any business relating to
Customs has been made predicate offence under PMLA to curb trade based money
laundering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 4.5pt 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">3.</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <b>Foreign
Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999 has been amended </b>vide Finance
Act, 2015. The amendments provide for seizure and confiscation of value
equivalent, situated in India, in case any person is found to have acquired any
foreign exchange, foreign security or immovable property, situated outside
India, in contravention of Section 4 of FEMA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 4.5pt; tab-stops: 6.25in 6.5in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-80219433803270679062016-05-22T03:33:00.003-07:002016-05-22T03:33:52.739-07:00P.I.B : NEWS (15-5-2016 to 21-5-2016) <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.“VESAK SAMMAN PRASHASTI PATRA-2016” AWARDS
PRESENTED TO BUDDHIST SCHOLARS FOR PROMOTION AND DISSEMINATION OF BUDDHIST
STUDIES </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<br />
INTERNATIONAL BUDDHA POORNIMA DIWAS 2016 CELEBRATION <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">‘International Buddha Poornima Diwas 2016’ was celebrated here
today to commemorate the Thrice Blessed Day of Buddha’s Birth, Sambodhiprapti
and Mahaparinirvana falling on the auspicious full moon day of the month of
Vaishakh. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">UN recognizes the importance of this day. The UN Day of Vesak
Celebration is internationally a cultural and humanistic festival of the United
Nations International Organizing Committee. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The established process of this celebration commenced in year
2000.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Buddha Purnima or Vesak is regarded as the thrice-sacred day that
celebrates three momentous events in the history of human kind, regardless of
the country or Buddhist tradition to which we belong, namely<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Buddha’sbirth</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>sambodhiprapti</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>mahaparinirvana</i>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">India is the land of the origin of Buddha dharma, and home to
three of the four holiest Buddhist sites, namely Bodhgaya, Sarnath and
Kushinagar, and numerous others connected with Buddha’s life and thereafter. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Buddha was born as Prince Siddhartha in Lumbini in present day
Nepal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">He attained<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>sambodhiprapti</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in Bodhgaya in Bihar, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>mahaparinirvana</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in Kushinagar in Uttar Pradesh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.Dr.
Mahesh Sharma inaugurates exhibition ‘frontier Gandhi and the Indian Freedom
Movement’ to commemorate 125th birth anniversary of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan<span class="apple-converted-space"> .</span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Addressing on the occasion, Dr. Mahesh Sharma said that Khan Abdul
Ghaffar Khan was a great person who was devoted to the Freedom of India and
Hindu-Muslim unity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">It is a great moment that today his family members are present
here in this function. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Gandhi ji were complementary
to each other and we will keep his memories alive for the decades to come.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">He said that Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan’s 125th<sup> </sup>birth
anniversary calls for a special exploration of his life of sacrifice,
commitment and achievement. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">His life and message are an inspiration for India and humanity at
large. He stood for the finest in the Pathan character as seen in his intense
passion for freedom, implicit faith in God, indomitable courage, boldness and
fearlessness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Dr. Sharma said that Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a staunch
nationalist and a pluralist to the core. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">He never accepted the two nation theory and strongly opposed the
partition of India. He advocated the unity among the Hindus and Muslims as one
nation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Minister said Badshah Khan was of the opinion that when
various constitutional formulas failed against the Partition Plan and a
Referendum was recommended in the Frontier provinces to decide whether it
should join the latter or the former, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was stunned at
this decision. He said, "Mahatmaji, you have thrown us to the wolves”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Minister said that Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, popularly
known as Badshah Khan or the Frontier Gandhi, was among those truly
distinguished leaders, who led the people in an epic struggle against British
imperialism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">He was a deeply religious man, committed social reformer,
passionate advocator of Pashto language, believer in the unity of India and
above all a staunch Gandhian. He was awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest
civilian award in 1987.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">He opined said that Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, being a socio-religious
reformer to the core, realized that the lack of proper education let the
Pakhtuns go astray. He wanted to unite all the tribes of Pakhtuns, educate them
and reform the Pakhtun society, and eventually he succeeded in his goal to a
great extent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 3.Three rail connectivity projects awarded
under Sagarmala <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Three rail connectivity projects under the Ministry of Shipping’s
flagship programe ‘Sagarmala’, worth Rs 38.71 crores have been awarded by
Indian Port Rail Company Limited (IPRCL). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">These projects will help to increase connectivity and efficiency
of ports. The port wise details of the connectivity projects are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">1) <b>Visakhapatanam
Port Trust</b>: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">2) <b>Visakhapatanam
Port Trust: </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">3) <b>Chennai
Port Trust:</b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">IPCRL is also working towards executing 18 more
port connectivity projects. All these projects will help in better port
connectivity and quick evacuation of cargo.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<b style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<b style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.Indigenously developed fecal incontinence
management system ‘Qora’ launched </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The indigenously developed fecal incontinence management system
‘Qora’ was launched by Minister of State for Science & Technology Shri
Y.S.Chowdary in New Delhi on Thursday, 19th May, 2016. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Aimed to train the next generation of medical technology
innovators in India to develop innovative and affordable medical devices to
augment unmet clinical needs of India, an innovative medical device has been
developed under Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science &
Technology supported Bio design Programme by M/s. Consure Medical, NewDelhi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Fecal incontinence (FI) is a medical condition marked by inability
to control one’s bowel movements, causing stool (feces) to leak unexpectedly
from the rectum. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">It affects nearly 100 million bed ridden patients worldwide.
Furthermore, about 50% of the psychiatric ward patients have FI due to
long-term neurological diseases. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Absorbent pads and fecal drainage catheters are the only available
solutions for this condition a need for a better solution was felt by the
team. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">M/s. Consure Medical has been founded in 2012 by Mr. Nishith
Chasmawala and Mr. Amit Sharma, the inventors of the technology. This Company
has developed this novel technology ‘Fecal Incontinence Management System-Qora’
to address the clinical and economical implications of fecal incontinence by
expanding indications for use, reducing skill level required to use a device,
and introducing a new level of care for patients outside the ICU. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Consure Medical has developed the QoraTM Stool Management Kit,
the world’s first FDA 510(k) approved indwelling fecal drainage device for the
management of fecal incontinence that can be used across a continuum of care
facilities from ICUs to nursing homes. In select markets like India, caretakers
of bedridden patients at home can use the device.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">5.RGI releases Census 2011 data
on Households by religion, Sex of head of household and household size. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Table HH-7 on Households by religion,
sex of head of household and household size reveals the percentage of
households to total households in main six religious communities as follows:-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Religious Communities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total no. of
households
(in million)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Percentage to Total households<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total Households<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">248.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">100.0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hindu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">202.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">81.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muslim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Christian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sikh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buddhist<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.65in;" valign="top" width="158">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 13.75pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 13.75pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> As ‘religion not stated’ and
‘Others’ are not included, so total will not tally.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The highest percentage of female headed households is noticed in
Christian Community (17.4%) followed by Buddhist (15.9%). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The lowest percentage of female headed households is in Jain
community (11.5%).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">As observed from the graph below, the average households size is
higher in male headed households as compared to female headed households in all
the religious communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6CJQar4kiW0/V0GK9y3JsII/AAAAAAAADA0/-wHXkW0oJmIyJtnkawJKfo2-eWRuy1u7QCLcB/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="388" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6CJQar4kiW0/V0GK9y3JsII/AAAAAAAADA0/-wHXkW0oJmIyJtnkawJKfo2-eWRuy1u7QCLcB/s640/Untitled.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Chart_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_s2050" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2016/may/i201652001.gif" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:94.5pt;margin-top:0;width:266.7pt;height:160.5pt;
z-index:1;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:top;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif"
o:title="i201652001"/>
<w:wrap type="square"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br clear="all" />
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sex wise variation is highest among Hindu community (Male headed
HH size 4.9, Female headed HH size 3.8) and the least variation is seen among
Sikh community (Male headed HH size 5.1, Female headed HH size 4.6).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.Health Minister launches
‘Kayakalp Fortnight’ to be observed across the country in Central Government
hospitals <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">“To implement the vision and philosophy behind Swachch Bharat
Abhiyaan launched by the Hon. Prime Minister, the Health Ministry launched the
Kayakalp initiative last year to set protocols for hygiene and sanitation at
government health facilities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The initiative towards total “Swacchta” in public health
facilities is aimed towards building confidence of the users in public health
facilities, provide quality service and encourage team work”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">the initiative will encourage every public health facility in the
country to work towards standards of excellence to help the facilities stay
clean and hygienic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Union Health Minister was speaking at the launch of the
‘Kayakalp Fortnight’ which shall be observed throughout the country in various
central government hospitals from 20th May, 2016 to 3rd June, 2016 with a view
to intensifying the Kayakalp initiatives under the Swachch Bharat Abhiyaan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Shri Nadda launched the Kayakalp Fortnight at AIIMS, New Delhi
today. Shri Nadda stated that as part of the various activities to be taken up
during the fortnight, senior officers of the Ministry will be inspecting
various Central Hospitals in the country to take stock of the existing status
and to intensify the Swachhta drive. The States have been requested to take up
similar campaigns in their respective States. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Indian Navy Ships from
Kochi deployed for Assistance in Sri-Lanka <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Two Indian Navy warships, INS Sutlej and INS Sunayna, have been
deployed to Sri-Lanka on 20 May 16 to provide assistance consequent to the
calamity caused due to the cyclone “Roanu”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The ships sailed from Kochi with 30-40 tons of relief material
which includes inflatable rafts, fresh water, medical supplies, clothing and
other provisions necessary for disaster relief operations and are scheduled to
reach Colombo harbour on 21 May 16 during the morning hours. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">A Chetak helicopter has also been embarked for the
deployment.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Cyclonic Storm ‘ROANU’
Over West Central Bay of Bengal <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">
The cyclonic storm ‘<b>ROANU</b>’ over west central Bay of Bengal remained
practically stationary and lay centred at 1130 hrs IST of today, the 19<sup>th</sup> May,
2016 .</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. WCD Minister Smt Maneka
Gandhi releases Draft National Policy for Women, 2016 for consultation <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Union WCD Minister Smt Maneka Sanjay Gandhi
released the draft National Policy for Women, 2016 today for stakeholder
comments and consultations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Releasing the draft policy at a press
conference in New Delhi, the Minister stated that the Policy is being revised
after 15 years and is expeceted to guide Government action on Women’s issues
over the next 15-20 years. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Minister stated that several things have
changed since the last Policy of 2001 especially women's attitude towards
themselves and their expectations from life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">She stated that in view of this the new draft
Policy shifts the focus from entitlements to rights and from empowerment to
creating an enabling environment. </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">She has requested for widespread comments on
the draft policy so that the final policy document can be a true reflection of
the voice of all women. </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Salient features of the
policy are as follows:</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Nearly a decade and half has passed since the National Policy for
Empowerment of Women, 2001 was formulated. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">T</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">he discourse on women’s empowerment has
been gradually evolving over the last few decades, wherein paradigm shifts have
occurred –from seeing women as mere recipients of welfare benefits to
mainstreaming gender concerns and engaging them in the development process of
the country. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">These changes have brought forth fresh opportunities and
possibilities for women’s empowerment while at the same time presenting new and
emerging challenges which along with persisting socio-economic problems
continue to hinder gender equality and holistic empowerment of women. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The policy aims to create sustainable socio-economic, political
empowerment of women to claim their rights and entitlements, control over
resources and formulation of strategic choices in realisation of the principles
of gender equality and justice. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">PRIORITY AREAS</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> I.</span><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Health
including food security and nutrition: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Focus
on recognizing<b> </b>women’s reproductive rights, shift of family
planning focus also to males</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">addressing health issues in a life cycle
continuum such as psychological and general well-being, health care
challenges related to nutrition/ hygiene of adolescents, geriatric health
care, expansion of health insurance schemes and addressing the
intergenerational cycle of under-nutrition</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> II.</span><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Education: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Improve
access to pre-primary education, enrolment and retention of adolescent girls,
implement innovative transportation models for better schooling outcomes,
advocate gender champions and address disparities with regard to ICTs.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> III.<b>Economy: <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Raising
visibility, engendering macro-economic policies and trade agreements, generate
gender-disaggregated land ownership database, skill development and
training for women, entrepreneurial development, review of labour laws and
policies, equal employment opportunities with appropriate benefits related to
maternity and child care services, address technological needs of women.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> IV.<b>Governance
and Decision Making:</b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Increasing
women’s participation in the political arena, administration, civil services
and corporate boardrooms,</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">III. <b>Violence Against Women: <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Address all forms of violence against women through a life cycle
approach, Legislations affecting /relating to women will be reviewed/harmonized
to enhance effectiveness, Improve Child Sex Ratio (CSR), strict implementation
of advisories, guidelines, Standard Operating Procedures (SoPs) and protocols,
prevention of trafficking at source, transit and destination areas for
effective monitoring of the networks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">IV. <b>Enabling Environment: <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Gender perspective in housing and infrastructure, ensuring safe
drinking water and sanitation, gender parity in the mass media &
sports, concerted efforts towards strengthening social security and
support services for all women especially the vulnerable, marginalized, migrant
and single women.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">V. <b>Environment and Climate
Change: <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">addressing gender concerns during distress migration and
displacement in times of natural calamities due to climate change and
environmental degradation. Promotion of <b>e</b>nvironmental friendly, renewable,
non–conventional energy, green energy sources for women in rural households.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The policy also describes emerging issues such as making cyber
spaces safe place for women, redistribution of gender roles, for reducing
unpaid care work, review of personal and customary laws in
accordance with the Constitutional provisions, Review of criminalization of
marital rape within the framework women’s human rights etc. relevant in the
developmental paradigms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Operational strategies</span></b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Create an enabling environment through continued
and additional initiatives:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.95pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">1. <b>Enabling
safety and security of women</b> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.95pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">with
initiatives such as One Stop Centres, Women Helpline, Mahila Police Volunteers,
Reservation of women in police force, creating immediate response mechanism
through panic buttons in mobiles, public and private transport, surveillance
mechanisms in public places.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.95pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">2.<b>Creating
eco-systems to encourage entrepreneurship amongst women</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.95pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">through
platforms like Mahila E-Haat, dedicated theme based exhibitions, focussed skill
training, mentoring through Women Entrepreneurship Council, availability of
easy & affordable credit and financial inclusion.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.95pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">3.<b>Training
and capacity building of all stakeholders</b> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.95pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">including
youth through Gender Champion initiative, frontline workers, women sarpanches
and all officials dealing with policy and delivery systems impacting women.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 8.95pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">4.<b>Facilitating
women in workplace</b> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 8.95pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">through
gender friendly work place, flexi timings, increased maternity leave, provision
of child care / creches at workplace, life cycle health care facilities.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 9.85pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 10. Dr Jitendra Singh inaugurates
“Purbashree stall” at Dilli Haat <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The North Eastern Handicrafts and Handlooms Development
Corporation Ltd (NEHHDC) has set up the Purbashree stall to give further boost
to the development and promotion of North East handicrafts and handlooms
products.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">While inaugurating the stall, Dr. Jitendra Singh said that for the
first time, the stall has been set up on permanent basis which is devoted
exclusively to North east. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The stalls showcasing northeast were earlier put up on temporary
basis, he added. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">He said that these stalls will not only showcase the North Eastern
culture and ethnicity, but will also help in generating the revenue. The
Minister said that the permanent stalls in Dilli Haat is a significant
milestone. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The setting up of North east stalls will help showcase the talent
of north east and will help in the promotion of start-ups, he added. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 11. Shri Nitin Gadkari Launches INFRACON,
ePACE and up-Scaled INAM PRO: Calls Upon All Stakeholders to Use International
Best Practises in Road Building <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">ePACE</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Projects Appraisal & Continuing Enhancements) is
an online integrated Management Information System that brings projects
from all wings of the Ministry under a common platform.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">ensuring
their effective and real time tracking. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">More
than 2000 projects being executed by multiple agencies are currently listed on
the portal and it is possible to get any information about their real time
status, fund utilization etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The
portal can be freely accessed by anybody, and information regarding projects in
any particular state can be found at the click of a button.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">INFRACON</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">is the National Portal
for Infrastructure Consultancy Firms and Key Personnel. </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="background: white; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">This portal acts as a kind of bridge between consultancy firms working
in the road engineering and construction sector and domain experts and key
personnel who are</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> deployed
both for project preparation and supervision. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The
portal hosts the credentials of consultancy firms and key personnel and has
linkages to Aadhar and Digi-locker for data validation and purity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: red; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">INAM
PRO</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> has been developed as a web-based
application (</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://www.inampro.nic.in/"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: purple; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">www.inampro.nic.in</span></a></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">) for Infrastructure and Material
Providers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">It is
a kind of a web based market place that brings together the material providers
and the prospective buyers on a common platform. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.55pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: top;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ex :The
platform was launched in March 2015 to facilitate contractors and cement buyers
engaged in executing central/state funded roads and highways and bridge
construction projects to place cement orders online with the registered cement
companies offering cement at competitive rates in the vicinity of project
execution locations. Cement companies are facilitated to update their offered
stocks and the prices on the portal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-62951600101215145842016-05-18T02:00:00.002-07:002016-05-19T01:06:46.503-07:00MAJOR SOIL TYPES IN INDIA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SOIL :</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4gADSBGar4Y/VzwWWbBzj7I/AAAAAAAAC7I/sFiXwBc6O9MOtfBJWG7-NuBkR-xNoQYWwCLcB/s1600/soil-in-india.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4gADSBGar4Y/VzwWWbBzj7I/AAAAAAAAC7I/sFiXwBc6O9MOtfBJWG7-NuBkR-xNoQYWwCLcB/s400/soil-in-india.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><br /></b>
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil is the uppermost layer of Earth’s crust.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil is the medium in which plants grow and thus it supports the
lives on earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The soils of India on the basis of their formation are divided
in the following two broad catagories :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1.</span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Residual Soil</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">- which form at the
place of their origin. Like – black soils</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2.</span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Transported Soil</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">- which are transported
from place of their formation. Like alluvial soils.</span><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Factors that control the formation of soil :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5xXBZc9FRGI/VzwXh25cu_I/AAAAAAAAC7U/ncl_wuu99oowjNtAK7IJa_s2iO1D8YjrwCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-1-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5xXBZc9FRGI/VzwXh25cu_I/AAAAAAAAC7U/ncl_wuu99oowjNtAK7IJa_s2iO1D8YjrwCLcB/s400/soils-types-of-india-1-638.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A number of factors contribute to the soil formation and
fertility.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.Parent rocks: -</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">the rock on which the soil is formed decomposes and disintegrates
under the processes of weathering. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The characteristics of rocks influence the characteristics of
soils. For example on lava rocks black soils and iron oxide rich rocks red
soils are formed.</span><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.Climate: -</span><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -9pt;">climate influence the rate of weathering of rocks and type of
vegetation, thus these influence the characteristics of soils.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.Slope: -</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -9pt;">the nature of relief and slope influence the accumulation of
soils. Mountains have thin soil cover but the plains have thick soil cover.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.Time: -</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> time provides maturity to the soil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">5.Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running
water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc. contribute to the
formation of soil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">6.Chemical and organic changes which take place in the soil are equally
important.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9YCam32a3JY/VzwXtxfGI4I/AAAAAAAAC7Y/qGqIDW3r-KckALLcB-FPG0omQ_1HQQ5MQCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-2-638%2B%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9YCam32a3JY/VzwXtxfGI4I/AAAAAAAAC7Y/qGqIDW3r-KckALLcB-FPG0omQ_1HQQ5MQCLcB/s400/soils-types-of-india-2-638%2B%25281%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Alluvial Soils :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-j02DKb20_h0/VzwYxpGDhwI/AAAAAAAAC7o/xKyxOSPQbewj5P9U4Yqij11dfRRCFdhZACLcB/s1600/2252036520_680f6a096e_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-j02DKb20_h0/VzwYxpGDhwI/AAAAAAAAC7o/xKyxOSPQbewj5P9U4Yqij11dfRRCFdhZACLcB/s400/2252036520_680f6a096e_b.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3LcacggrIAI/VzwlMb4kfGI/AAAAAAAAC9A/-fUXLxlbvbY69tufnfz29vPEHF8n1y_GgCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-5-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3LcacggrIAI/VzwlMb4kfGI/AAAAAAAAC9A/-fUXLxlbvbY69tufnfz29vPEHF8n1y_GgCLcB/s400/soils-types-of-india-5-638.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Alluvial soil is the most important soil type of India. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It covers the vast valley areas of the Sutlej, Ganga and
Brahmaputra and the fringes of the southern peninsula. It is thin near the
fringe of the plateau. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It covers </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">about 40 percent</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> of land area of the country. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They are depositional soils, transported and deposited by rivers
and streams. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">These soils are formed by the deposition of fine sediments and
silt by the rivers along their banks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The soils vary from sandy loam to clay in texture and are rich in
potash but deficient in nitrogen and organic matter. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Generally, the colour varies from grey to reddish brown. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">These soil are formed of deposits of silt and sand brought down by
the rivers flowing from the Himalayas and the Great Indian plateau.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Being young, the soils lack
profile development. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Being extremely productive, these soils are most important from
the point of view of Indian agriculture. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In delta region, they are ideal for jute cultivation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Almost all crops are grown on these soils</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The higher proportion of clay makes the soil sticky and drainage
is often poor.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #00b050; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -9pt;">They can be divided into two types:</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Young Khadar soils:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">these are newer alluvium of sandy, pale brown composition, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">found in lower areas of valley bottom</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">
which are flooded almost every year. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The newer alluvium is a light friable loam with a mixture of sand
and silt. It is found in river valley, the floodplains and deltas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It is non phorous, clayey and loamy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nxi0YPjX4y8/VzwfTR7EMcI/AAAAAAAAC8A/nZZVPkP7HIwTSHBHgajPbzVSsCHPrIhrgCLcB/s1600/Khadir-and-bangar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nxi0YPjX4y8/VzwfTR7EMcI/AAAAAAAAC8A/nZZVPkP7HIwTSHBHgajPbzVSsCHPrIhrgCLcB/s400/Khadir-and-bangar.jpg" width="365" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Old Bhangar soils:</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">these consist of older alluvium of clayey composition and are </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dark in colour</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">On the other hand, the older alluvium lies on the inter fluves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They are coarse in nature, contain kankar (lime nodules), pebbles,
gravels. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They are found 30 m above flood level of
the rivers</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Both are different in texture, chemical composition, drainage
capacity and fertility.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A5CrNtm-sTw/VzwguZTqTHI/AAAAAAAAC8M/XsEQxGeEWgAjBzOTFZPRTgl_Y_kM5nkkQCLcB/s1600/ans%2B7%2B%2528b%2529.%2Bbangar%2B%2526%2Bkhadar_0_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-A5CrNtm-sTw/VzwguZTqTHI/AAAAAAAAC8M/XsEQxGeEWgAjBzOTFZPRTgl_Y_kM5nkkQCLcB/s640/ans%2B7%2B%2528b%2529.%2Bbangar%2B%2526%2Bkhadar_0_o.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-irpV59oiA_o/VzwgufvxiFI/AAAAAAAAC8Q/Rn7nEvKcrCMQEwJuQISSsuf2iovNnZlvACLcB/s1600/cbse-class-10-geography-resource-and-development-laq-9.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-irpV59oiA_o/VzwgufvxiFI/AAAAAAAAC8Q/Rn7nEvKcrCMQEwJuQISSsuf2iovNnZlvACLcB/s1600/cbse-class-10-geography-resource-and-development-laq-9.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6FlN0MsbV8k/Vzwiou4vL-I/AAAAAAAAC8g/xXyqb6yeLUEde4rNbXb3GVMPfY0x4AxfwCLcB/s1600/Bhabar.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6FlN0MsbV8k/Vzwiou4vL-I/AAAAAAAAC8g/xXyqb6yeLUEde4rNbXb3GVMPfY0x4AxfwCLcB/s1600/Bhabar.JPG" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JO0v27pik5E/Vzwk-sJ5M-I/AAAAAAAAC8w/EqwqBBVehAQxZqh4QmmbTHYeOKaaULwuwCLcB/s1600/the-northern-plains-1-finalg-14-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-indent: -12px;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JO0v27pik5E/Vzwk-sJ5M-I/AAAAAAAAC8w/EqwqBBVehAQxZqh4QmmbTHYeOKaaULwuwCLcB/s1600/the-northern-plains-1-finalg-14-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JWAXEsOKlMo/Vzwk-RgRJxI/AAAAAAAAC8s/UMJYKThyPw0bBU4K8AHhmbK4KvrUM8QsQCLcB/s1600/the-northern-plains-1-finalg-15-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-indent: -12px;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JWAXEsOKlMo/Vzwk-RgRJxI/AAAAAAAAC8s/UMJYKThyPw0bBU4K8AHhmbK4KvrUM8QsQCLcB/s1600/the-northern-plains-1-finalg-15-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WKmUFXk8Nog/Vzwk-k0ElrI/AAAAAAAAC80/kXIz9Xw7Exs7bDK8BDlTPerLxxo8FXImgCLcB/s1600/the-northern-plains-1-finalg-16-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-indent: -12px;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WKmUFXk8Nog/Vzwk-k0ElrI/AAAAAAAAC80/kXIz9Xw7Exs7bDK8BDlTPerLxxo8FXImgCLcB/s1600/the-northern-plains-1-finalg-16-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oCCv4zDhTko/Vzwk_qKhoYI/AAAAAAAAC84/Vf5rUwhYC3A2KdZVrh8gU1ZIKlET1dZ0ACLcB/s1600/the-northern-plains-1-finalg-17-638%2B%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-indent: -12px;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oCCv4zDhTko/Vzwk_qKhoYI/AAAAAAAAC84/Vf5rUwhYC3A2KdZVrh8gU1ZIKlET1dZ0ACLcB/s1600/the-northern-plains-1-finalg-17-638%2B%25281%2529.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Tc3MkLlMCPA/Vzwk_wxwsKI/AAAAAAAAC88/Vxl7WlcrrF8o3afPV5jhEH0RxYSdFCTFQCLcB/s1600/the-northern-plains-1-finalg-18-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-indent: -12px;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Tc3MkLlMCPA/Vzwk_wxwsKI/AAAAAAAAC88/Vxl7WlcrrF8o3afPV5jhEH0RxYSdFCTFQCLcB/s1600/the-northern-plains-1-finalg-18-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><b style="text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Black Soils (Regur)</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -9pt;"> :</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4dnsCfic_aU/VzwmACHzAZI/AAAAAAAAC9U/wWwzorwJ9VsBJ-0kXr5ul2PpxlIoUAn5gCKgB/s1600/black_soil.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4dnsCfic_aU/VzwmACHzAZI/AAAAAAAAC9U/wWwzorwJ9VsBJ-0kXr5ul2PpxlIoUAn5gCKgB/s1600/black_soil.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -9pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The black soils are found mainly on the Deccan lava region
covering large parts of Maharashtra, some parts of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
and small parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">16.6 %</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> of the total land area of
the country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The soils </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">are formed by disintegration of
volcanic basaltic lava</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The colour of the soil is </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">generally
black due to presence of compounds of aluminium and iron</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Rich in lime and iron, magnesia and alumina . Also contain potash
.<br />
Lack phosporus, nitrogen and organic matter .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The soil is locally known as </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">regur</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> which extends roughly to 64 million hectares. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It is generally clayey deep and has low permeability and
impregnable. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">But it’s depth varies from place to place. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is very thick in lowlands but very thin on highlands.</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The most important characteristics of this soil are its ability to
retain moisture even during the dry season.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> The soils form wide cracks
during summer due to moisture loss and swell and become sticky when saturated. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Thus, the soil is aerated and oxidised to deep levels which
contribute to maintain its fertility. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This continued fertility is </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">favourable in
the area of low rainfall for cotton cultivation even without irrigation</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Other than cotton, this soil is favourable for the cultivation of
crops like sugarcane, wheat, onion and fruits.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wD7j03GKBJw/VzwrDFPTr6I/AAAAAAAAC9k/nyk7z64otaAy5CXUePonqM0C9fAnD3hzgCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-6-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wD7j03GKBJw/VzwrDFPTr6I/AAAAAAAAC9k/nyk7z64otaAy5CXUePonqM0C9fAnD3hzgCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-6-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-30QOhwdYrAI/VzwrCc9tL8I/AAAAAAAAC9g/MQYD5f9BfQM_kQyaHiAfm6QLxfgCeFWOQCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-7-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-30QOhwdYrAI/VzwrCc9tL8I/AAAAAAAAC9g/MQYD5f9BfQM_kQyaHiAfm6QLxfgCeFWOQCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-7-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Red Soils</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Red soils cover large part of the Peninsular upland in Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Goa, South east Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Chotanagpur
Plateau and Meghalaya Plateau. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They encircle the black cotton soil zone</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They have developed </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">on the
crystalline rocks like granite, gneisses</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> and cover
roughly </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10.6%</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> of the total land area of the country .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Iron compounds are abundant making the soil reddish</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> in colour but they are deficient in organic matter. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The red soils are generally less fertile and are not as important
agriculturally as the black and alluvial soils. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Rich in potash &
Deficient in nitrogen,lime, magnesia, humus and phosphate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">But the productive capacity can be raised through irrigation and
use of fertilizers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This soil is suitable for rice, millet, maize, groundnut, tobacco
and fruits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Red due to its very high iron content .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dYtORP1pHQI/Vzwrv37BR6I/AAAAAAAAC9s/xXf9Xy5ETIc_qi5Aa540JXyxp-m9tmiDACLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-8-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dYtORP1pHQI/Vzwrv37BR6I/AAAAAAAAC9s/xXf9Xy5ETIc_qi5Aa540JXyxp-m9tmiDACLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-8-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0P5TSzMPATQ/Vzwr3XDOglI/AAAAAAAAC90/8-jREZBKwXMn-Os7XGS3IpV0W47FQF3fACLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-9-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0P5TSzMPATQ/Vzwr3XDOglI/AAAAAAAAC90/8-jREZBKwXMn-Os7XGS3IpV0W47FQF3fACLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-9-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xi9Yo1uu17Q/Vzwr2yh6OpI/AAAAAAAAC9w/4gxwLBMYuCknbox6VRvNyFTBVnu32vjxgCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-10-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xi9Yo1uu17Q/Vzwr2yh6OpI/AAAAAAAAC9w/4gxwLBMYuCknbox6VRvNyFTBVnu32vjxgCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-10-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3ZZ81Pn4bds/Vz1z-Iq_8xI/AAAAAAAADAM/pRRvtdx-81k4Y1cHjEPVJvyowKEr7eeHwCLcB/s1600/cbse-class-10-geography-resource-and-development-laq-19.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-indent: -12px;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3ZZ81Pn4bds/Vz1z-Iq_8xI/AAAAAAAADAM/pRRvtdx-81k4Y1cHjEPVJvyowKEr7eeHwCLcB/s1600/cbse-class-10-geography-resource-and-development-laq-19.png" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Laterite Soils :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4mut4sIkXwo/Vzws47DVdJI/AAAAAAAAC98/z4fLN7opa90RDzZXUDB5JmVTVHxcuh4lACLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-12-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4mut4sIkXwo/Vzws47DVdJI/AAAAAAAAC98/z4fLN7opa90RDzZXUDB5JmVTVHxcuh4lACLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-12-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">laterite = brick (Latin word)</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> These soils
</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">are formed under conditions of high temperature and heavy rainfall
with alternate wet and dry periods</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Thus its formation takes place strictly under monsoon conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Residual soils formed by leaching in areas of heavy rain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Leaching is a process in which the nutrients get percolated down
below the soil due to heavy rainfall; thus leaving the top soil infertile. Also
</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">called DESILICATION</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The laterite soils are commonly found in area of high altitude and
heavy rainfall in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Orissa,
Assam and Meghalaya extending over 13 million hectares. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They generally form under hot and humid climatic conditions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The lateritic soils are particularly found on high flat erosion
surfaces in areas of high and seasonal rainfall. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Loss of nutrients by accelerated leaching is the most common
feature which renders the soil infertile. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The lateritic soils Is of coarse texture, soft and friable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It is red due to the presence of iron oxide which is formed by
leaching. The soluble plant foods like potash are removed from the top soil
leaving alumina and iron oxide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">it Is a porus soil, silica is removed from it by chemical action. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It Is poor in lime and magnesium, and deficient in<br />
nitrogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The pebbly crust is the important feature of laterites which is
formed due to alteration of wet and dry periods. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">As a result of weathering, laterite becomes extremely hard. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Thus, their characteristics include complete chemical
decomposition of the parent rock, complete leaching of silica, a reddish brown
colour given by the oxides of aluminium and iron and lack of humus. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The crops which are generally grown are rice, millets, sugarcane
on lowland and tropical plantation such as rubber, coffee and tea on uplands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EV8zP05ZOfI/VzwtK2-L64I/AAAAAAAAC-E/YZypRgZGOH0k7vCTo4IwdXKfObFsQt4vQCLcB/s1600/rjewr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EV8zP05ZOfI/VzwtK2-L64I/AAAAAAAAC-E/YZypRgZGOH0k7vCTo4IwdXKfObFsQt4vQCLcB/s1600/rjewr.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MWQd1aM9lCU/VzwtLo0rP6I/AAAAAAAAC-I/qYQZnrgSiU8GpPJ7O4xC7OuJ7iuFwDO-gCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-13-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MWQd1aM9lCU/VzwtLo0rP6I/AAAAAAAAC-I/qYQZnrgSiU8GpPJ7O4xC7OuJ7iuFwDO-gCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-13-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Desert Soils :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The desert soils occur in western Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Kutchchh,
western Haryana and southern Punjab. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The occurance of these soils is related to desert and
semi-desertic conditions and is defined by the absence of water availability
for six months.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The soil is sandy to gravelly with poor organic matter, low humus
contents, infrequent rainfall, low moisture and long drought season. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The soils exhibit poorly developed horizons. Plants are widely
spaced. Chemical weathering is limited. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The colour of the soil is either red or light brown. Generally,
these soils lack the basic requirements for agriculture, but when water is
available, variety of crops like cotton, rice, wheat etc. can be grown with
proper dose of fertilizers.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">suitable for drought resistance crops like millets, barley,
cotton, maize and pulses.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UX2uIqXQjGM/Vz1iTt-w5zI/AAAAAAAAC-k/ILMgXdcqv8Ae7vgRQMsFF4bdoF59b4yrwCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-14-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UX2uIqXQjGM/Vz1iTt-w5zI/AAAAAAAAC-k/ILMgXdcqv8Ae7vgRQMsFF4bdoF59b4yrwCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-14-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QTQEn450iU8/Vz1iUX8sJUI/AAAAAAAAC-o/eXREXUCoyIws6guPazV6cEt-1R22ArG3ACLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-15-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QTQEn450iU8/Vz1iUX8sJUI/AAAAAAAAC-o/eXREXUCoyIws6guPazV6cEt-1R22ArG3ACLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-15-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Mountain Soils :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The mountain soils are complex and extremely varied. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The soils vary from deep alluvium in the river basins and lower
slopes to highly immature residual gravelly on higher altitudes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Because of complex topographic, geologic, vegetation and climatic
conditions, no large areas of homogenous soil groups are found. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Areas of steep relief are mostly devoid of soil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Various types of crops are grown in different regions like rice in
valley, orchards on slopes and potato in almost all areas.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bCPWqESqT1E/Vz1iuWE0yjI/AAAAAAAAC-w/Cqbhewca4w48Vhh6Jc2dUk7L5jXi5633ACLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-16-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bCPWqESqT1E/Vz1iuWE0yjI/AAAAAAAAC-w/Cqbhewca4w48Vhh6Jc2dUk7L5jXi5633ACLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-16-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. SALINE AND ALKALINE SOILS</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Soils with high proportion of salts and alkalis are called saline
and alkaline soils . They are formed due to accumulation of tidal water in
adjoining coasts where drainage is poor. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They are found in drier parts of Bihar, Rajasthan, U.P., Punjab,
Haryana, Maharashtra. These soils contain many salts like sodium,<br />
magnesium and calcium which make them infertile and render unfit for
agriculture.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EYAeXys1OAw/Vz1mR88DM-I/AAAAAAAAC_A/C64rJTCrmrcDVZupAy22kXGoRHEO2QZ2gCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-17-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EYAeXys1OAw/Vz1mR88DM-I/AAAAAAAAC_A/C64rJTCrmrcDVZupAy22kXGoRHEO2QZ2gCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-17-638.jpg" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. MARSHY SOIL :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Found in continuously water-logged areas</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, or marshy areas especially in the coastal regions near the sea
or near the deltas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It covers about 56,000 sq km.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They are formed as a result of water-logging.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It contain iron and varying amount of decayed organic matter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Found in southern parts of Siwaliks, Jammu and Kashmir, U.P.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-B_lNwRq7eU8/Vz1met8mmtI/AAAAAAAAC_E/r7sJKVXS98MbZFJ-EaklBoSb_GJHzgpBQCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-18-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-B_lNwRq7eU8/Vz1met8mmtI/AAAAAAAAC_E/r7sJKVXS98MbZFJ-EaklBoSb_GJHzgpBQCLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-18-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SOIL EROSION</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil
erosion is described as the carrying away of soil. It is the theft of the soil
.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Common Causes :</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Deforestation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Over-grazing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Action
of wind, water, glacier, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Faulty methods of agriculture,
over-irrigation, shifting agriculture, wrong ploughing, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Other
anthropogenic factors(mining activities,industrial activities,etc).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lbP6iGiNXvc/Vz1moBRMQQI/AAAAAAAAC_I/imKjmrKBAxMZuxDdAiuRRFFCj8ETrmUiACLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-19-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lbP6iGiNXvc/Vz1moBRMQQI/AAAAAAAAC_I/imKjmrKBAxMZuxDdAiuRRFFCj8ETrmUiACLcB/s1600/soils-types-of-india-19-638.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<b><span style="color: #00b050;">CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION IN India :<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="color: #00b050;">1)Heavy population pressure on land: - </span>forest
cover as low as 20.55% of total area – population continues to rise at a rapid
rate – more forests are destroyed – heavy pressure on land.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="color: #00b050;">2)Nature of Rainfall:-</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">receives
80 to 90 per cent of rainfall in the monsoon season. – heavy downpour during
during monsoon months causes floods. - remaining months – droughts – these
affect soils.<br />
<span style="color: #00b050;">3)Overgrazing :–<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> number of domestic animals, esp cattle highest
in world – cattle freely graze in open lands making them bare of
vegetation-winds carry away dry soil particles – Rajasthan<br />
<span style="color: #00b050;">4). Bad farming techniques :–</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">plough
fields in traditional ways – small size of holdings, absence of terracing,
contour cultivation, crop rotation, improper use of manure have caused erosion<br />
<span style="color: #00b050;">5) Topography: –</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">North
–Eastern parts of India, Shiwaliks and the hilly regions in south India are
affected by soil erosion because of steep slopes and heavy rainfall. During
heavy rainfall, soils are washed away by running water down the slope.<br />
<span style="color: #00b050;">6) Deforestation:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> destruction of forests for cultivation –
cutting of trees exposes the soil to water and wind which leads to soil erosion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<b><span style="color: #00b050;"> SOIL
CONSERVATION :</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #00b050; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PREVENTION OF SOIL EROSION :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.Terrace
Farming:<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On hilly slopes, terraces act as bunds and prevent
the soil from being washed away.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CUZW6iJwuyc/Vz1p8E6-NnI/AAAAAAAAC_Y/Yl5LYM6HoMkvVNZIngEJq8zDSDV8rSMjQCLcB/s1600/d7fe7526b41ae25a9811cf79f4257efb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CUZW6iJwuyc/Vz1p8E6-NnI/AAAAAAAAC_Y/Yl5LYM6HoMkvVNZIngEJq8zDSDV8rSMjQCLcB/s400/d7fe7526b41ae25a9811cf79f4257efb.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="color: #00b050;">2. Contour ploughing :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ploughing along contourson a slope prevents soil
being washed away by rainwater or by surface run off. Contours act like bunds. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terraces are levelled into step like small fields
with even slope.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iDzn6pZMZGs/Vz1qYQsacII/AAAAAAAAC_c/sDOA80rrshYKnDUikAIrghkG7dV5Rx3fwCLcB/s1600/fig-22.1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iDzn6pZMZGs/Vz1qYQsacII/AAAAAAAAC_c/sDOA80rrshYKnDUikAIrghkG7dV5Rx3fwCLcB/s400/fig-22.1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="color: #00b050; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3)Afforestation: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">planting of trees along the edges of the fields, the
waste land and on steepy slopes to prevent soil erosion as wellas to enahnce
the capacity of the soil to retain water.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span style="color: #00b050; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">4) Shelter Belts<i>: <o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Farmers plant trees in several rows to check wind
erosion. Known as wind breaks.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DnoH3BVwFA/Vz1r5zbdkZI/AAAAAAAAC_s/GGs4rXyzlWcvynXTVTFP_c24XAhx0L8rgCLcB/s1600/windbreaks.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1DnoH3BVwFA/Vz1r5zbdkZI/AAAAAAAAC_s/GGs4rXyzlWcvynXTVTFP_c24XAhx0L8rgCLcB/s400/windbreaks.JPG" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="color: #00b050; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">5) Strip cropping:</span><i>
</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Crops are grown in alternate strips of land to check
the impact of the winds.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YvBeM99u7Qw/Vz1tH0SqXNI/AAAAAAAAC_4/kTF-1nj5kQw8miLXAlyu3PcyPq0vcZB9QCLcB/s1600/fig-22.3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="371" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YvBeM99u7Qw/Vz1tH0SqXNI/AAAAAAAAC_4/kTF-1nj5kQw8miLXAlyu3PcyPq0vcZB9QCLcB/s400/fig-22.3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jYOZUjfQwH0/Vz1tIkLQPUI/AAAAAAAAC_8/j6Hdknt3PgE4G58XK5zyBQXOT_TxjM9iACLcB/s1600/strip-cropping-pic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jYOZUjfQwH0/Vz1tIkLQPUI/AAAAAAAAC_8/j6Hdknt3PgE4G58XK5zyBQXOT_TxjM9iACLcB/s400/strip-cropping-pic.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="color: #00b050; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">6) Construction of dams</span><span style="color: #00b050;">:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -9pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -9pt;">Rivers cause soil erosion. Dams are built in the
upper course of rivers to control erosion of soil. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -9pt;">This would check the speed
of water and thereby save soil from erosion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="color: #00b050; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">7) Ploughing Gullies:</span><span style="color: #00b050;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The gullies made in the soil are plugged with
deposition of silt during heavy rains.<br />
<br />
8) Shifting or Jhuming or slash and burn type of agriculture should be banned.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-22336921508034916302016-05-11T02:24:00.000-07:002016-05-11T02:24:32.994-07:00RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY IN ANCIENT INDIA <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RELIGION :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Religion is the science of
soul. Morality and ethics have their foundation on religion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Religion in India was never
static in character but was driven by an
inherent dynamic strength.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Indian spirituality is
deeply rooted in ancient philosophical and religious traditions of the land.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Indian sages called Rishis
or ‘seers’, developed special techniques of transcending the sense and the
ordinary mind, collectively called yoga</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The sages found that the
true nature of the human being is not the body or the mind, which are ever
changing and perishable but the spirit which is unchanging, immortal and pure consciousness.
</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They called it the Atman</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Atman is the true
source of human’s knowledge, happiness and power. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The rishis further found
that all individual selves are parts of infinite consciousness which they
called Brahman</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Brahman is the ultimate
reality, the ultimate cause of the universe</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ignorance of human’s true
nature is the main cause of human suffering and bondage. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">By gaining correct knowledge
of Atman and Brahman, it is possible to become free from suffering and bondage and
attain a state of immortality, everlasting peace and fulfillment known as
Moksha</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Religion in ancient India meant
a way of life which enables a human to realize his true nature and attain
Moksha.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PRE-VEDIC AND VEDIC RELIGION :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From the archaeological
findings in the pre and proto-historic sites it seems that these people
believed in the sanctity of the creative force and venerated the male and
female aspects of divinity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It appears that they were
worshippers of the forces of nature like the<br />
sun and the moon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The nature of the religious
beliefs and practices of the Aryans is also known from the Rig Veda, They believed
in many gods like Indra, Varuna, Agni, Surya and Rudra.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sacrifices, and ritual
offering of food and drink to fire in honour of the Gods, constituted the main
religious practices. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Sama Veda and the Yajur
Veda elaborated the different aspects of the sacrificial acts and this
ritualism was further elaborated in the Brahmanas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Atharva Veda contained
a great deal of animistic beliefs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">VEDIC PHILOSOPHY :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Religion of the Rig Vedic
people was very simple in the sense that it consisted mainly of worship of
numerous deities representing the various phenomena of nature through prayers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It was during the later
Vedic period that definite ideas and philosophies about the true nature of soul
or Atman and the cosmic principle or Brahman who represented the ultimate reality
were developed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These Vedic philosophical
concepts later on gave rise to </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">six different<br />
schools of philosophies called <i>shada darshana.</i></span><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They fall in the category
of the orthodox system as the final authority of the Vedas is recognised by all
of them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pWme4_6jCdY/VzL5_wngHDI/AAAAAAAAC6M/ZYbcA7qPz5UaiU0lo-vpfTjdfRCcYIa3QCLcB/s1600/orthodox-system-n%2B%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pWme4_6jCdY/VzL5_wngHDI/AAAAAAAAC6M/ZYbcA7qPz5UaiU0lo-vpfTjdfRCcYIa3QCLcB/s320/orthodox-system-n%2B%25281%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Samkhya System : <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Samkhya philosophy
holds that reality is constituted of two principles one female and the other
male i.e</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Prakriti, Purusha respectively</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prakriti and Purusha are
completely independent and absolute</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According to this system,
Purusha is mere consciousness, hence it cannot be modified or changed</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prakriti</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">on the other hand is constituted
of three attributes, thought, movement and the change or transformation of these
attributes brings about the change in all objects</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Samkhya philosophy
tries to establish some relationship between Purusha and Prakriti for
explaining the creation of the universe. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The propounder of this philosophy
was Kapila, who wrote the <i>Samkhya sutra.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Infact Samkhya school
explained the phenomena of the doctrine of evolution and answered all the
questions aroused by the thinkers of those days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yoga :</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yoga literally means the
union of the two principal entities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The origin of yoga is found
in the <i>Yogasutra </i>of Patanjali believed to have been written in the second
century BC. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">By purifying and
controlling changes in the mental mechanism, yoga systematically brings about the
release of purusha from prakriti</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yogic techniques control
the body, mind and sense organs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thus this philosophy is
also considered a means of achieving freedom or <i>mukti.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This freedom could be
attained by practising self-control (<i>yama</i>), observation of rules (<i>niyama</i>),
fixed postures <i>(asana), </i>breath control <i>(pranayama</i>), choosing an
object (<i>pratyahara</i>) and fixing the mind <i>(dharna), </i>concentrating
on the chosen object <i>(dhyana)</i> and complete dissolution of self, merging
the mind and the object<i>(Samadhi</i>)<i>. </i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yoga admits the existence
of God as a teacher and guide</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nyaya :</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nyaya is considered as a
technique of logical thinking</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According to Nyaya, valid
knowledge is defined as the real knowledge, that is, one knows about the object
as it exists</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For example, it is when one
knows a snake as a snake or a cup as a cup. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nyaya system of philosophy
considers God who creates, sustains and destroys the universe. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gautama is said to be the
author of the Nyaya Sutras.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vaisheshika :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vaisheshika system is
considered as the realistic and objective philosophy of universe. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The reality according to
this philosophy has many bases or categories which are substance, attribute,
action, genus, distinct quality and inherence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vaisheshika thinkers
believe that all objects of the universe are composed of five elements–earth,
water, air, fire and ether.<br />
They believe that God is the guiding principle</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The living beings were
rewarded or punished according to the law of <i>karma, </i>based on actions of
merit and demerit</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Creation and destruction of
universe was a cyclic process and took place in agreement with the wishes of
God. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kanada wrote the basic text
of Vaisheshika philosophy</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A number of treatises were
written on this text but the best among them is the one written by Prashastapada
in the sixth century AD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vaisheshika School of
philosophy explained the phenomena of the universe by the atomic theory, the
combination of atoms and molecules into matter and explained the mechanical process
of formation of Universe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mimamsa :</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mimamsa philosophy is
basically the analysis of interpretation, application and the use of the text
of the <i>Samhita </i>and <i>Brahmana </i>portions of the Veda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According to Mimamsa philosophy
Vedas are eternal and possess all knowledge, and religion means the fulfillment
of duties prescribed by the Vedas</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This philosophy encompasses
the Nyaya-Vaisheshika systems and emphasizes the concept of valid knowledge. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Its main text is known as
the Sutras of Gaimini which have been written during the third century BC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The names associated with
this philosophy are Sabar Swami and Kumarila Bhatta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The essence of the system
according to Jaimini is Dharma which is the dispenser of fruits of one’s
actions, the law of righteousness itself</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This system lays stress on
the ritualistic part of Vedas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<b>Vedanta :<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vedanta implies the
philosophy of the Upanishad, the concluding portion of the Vedas.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Shankaracharya wrote the
commentaries on the Upanishads, <i>Brahmasutras </i>and the <i>Bhagavad Gita</i></span><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Shankaracharya’s discourse
or his philosophical views came to be known as Advaita Vedanta.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Advaita literally means non-dualism or belief
in one reality.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Shankaracharya expounded
that ultimate reality is one, it being the Brahman.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According to Vedanta
philosophy, ‘Brahman is true, the world is false and self and Brahman are not
different, Shankaracharya believes that the Brahman is existent, unchanging,
the highest truth and the ultimate knowledge</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. <i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">He also believes that there
is no distinction between Brahman and the self. <i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The knowledge of Brahman is
the essence of all things and the ultimate existence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ramanuja was another well
known Advaita scholar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Among different schools of
philosophy was found one philosophy which reached the climax of philosophic
thought that the human mind can possibly reach, and that is known as the Vedantic
philosophy</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vedanta philosophy has
ventured to deny the existence of the apparent ego, as known to us, and in this
respect Vedanta has its unique position in the history of philosophies of the
world. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vedanta is a philosophy and
a religion. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As a philosophy it inculcates
the highest truths that have been discovered by the greatest philosophers and
the most advanced thinkers of all ages and all countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: .25in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-10957818953045834622016-05-09T08:22:00.001-07:002016-05-09T08:25:24.971-07:00 How to prepare for IAS from rural areas/ without going to coaching institutes ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Hi friends,<br />
<br />
Are you in a remote/rural area and not able to access preparation material for IAS Preparation?<br />
Are you not able to afford the fees of civil services coaching institutes ?<br />
Are you looking for self preparation without attending any coaching classes ?<br />
Are you looking for a study circle near your place ?<br />
<br />
IF YES ,YOU DON'T HAVE TO BE WORRIED ANYMORE !! YOU DON'T HAVE TO COME TO CHENNAI OR DELHI FOR IAS PREPARATION !<br />
<br />
<img src="https://scontent.fmaa1-2.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/13177354_1198131853538505_2539501196615684787_n.jpg?oh=1d1e456aa9ef81edeb61ba8ee2aab6ae&oe=57DAFF4F" /><br />
<br />
Officers IAS Academy has partnered with Apna CSC, the Digital India programme of Govt of India.<br />
<br />
FOR RUPEES NINE HUNDRED (Rs.900) only,<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">You can take up </span><br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">20 online Test Series for Prelims</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">Get Current Affairs Material</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">Upload 20 Mains Test Series Answer sheets through CSC which will be evaluated by Officers IAS Academy </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">Mock interviews through Skype from your CSC</span></li>
</ol>
<div>
<span style="color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">Note - The amount of Nine hundred rupees is to be paid to Local Village Level Entrepreneur(VLE) for his service and Officers IAS Academy will not charge anything separately for the service .( As per our MoU with them)</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">There are 1,60,000 Common Service Centres(CSC) across India and you can knock the doors of the CSC in your village today and take your first step towards your IAS dream.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;"><span style="color: blue;">FAQs</span></span></div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">How to locate my CSC ?</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rVAnN7pyyQ0/VzCpvEEcM6I/AAAAAAAAC5w/muRIocmxX3IEnEqZdqFyOuWyvHYPES2zACLcB/s1600/csc%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="356" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rVAnN7pyyQ0/VzCpvEEcM6I/AAAAAAAAC5w/muRIocmxX3IEnEqZdqFyOuWyvHYPES2zACLcB/s640/csc%2B1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hSNL07KO-YM/VzCpvtUnDkI/AAAAAAAAC50/IhT8nYxnVlsuPEk7IUf60oCSkTNhfqZHQCLcB/s1600/csc%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="358" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hSNL07KO-YM/VzCpvtUnDkI/AAAAAAAAC50/IhT8nYxnVlsuPEk7IUf60oCSkTNhfqZHQCLcB/s640/csc%2B2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eyb57Cvp9ww/VzCpvKLCFpI/AAAAAAAAC5s/Gdx3lRXeL8EHfhJnW0uoxgcWZ3GBWSH3QCLcB/s1600/csc%2B3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="358" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eyb57Cvp9ww/VzCpvKLCFpI/AAAAAAAAC5s/Gdx3lRXeL8EHfhJnW0uoxgcWZ3GBWSH3QCLcB/s640/csc%2B3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;">Get in touch with your Village level entrepreneur ,the first step towards your IAS dream !</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;"><br /></span>
For further queries, please leave comments below.</div>
<br />
Thank you,<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com25tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-18474516641591468182016-05-06T03:37:00.001-07:002016-05-06T03:37:22.049-07:00PLATE TECTONICS <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The uppermost outer solid and
rigid layer of the earth is </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">called crust.</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Its thickness varies considerably. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It is as little as 5 km thick
beneath the oceans at some places but under some mountain ranges it extends
upto a depth of 70 km. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Below the crust denser
rocks are found, known as mantle crust</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This upper part of mantle
upto an average depth of 100 km from the surface is solid. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This solid mantle plus
upper crust form a comparatively rigid block termed as lithosphere</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mantle is partially molten
between 100 to 250 km depth</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This zone is said to be asthenosphere,
</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">also known as Mohr discontinuity</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, a
simplification of Mohorovicic, the name of the seismologist who discovered it. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HQavD4pOCto/VyxsNA8bYFI/AAAAAAAAC38/jjywQ48Noc4cPUwFb5R4L7x3O9zb4CJ4wCLcB/s1600/Dis.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HQavD4pOCto/VyxsNA8bYFI/AAAAAAAAC38/jjywQ48Noc4cPUwFb5R4L7x3O9zb4CJ4wCLcB/s320/Dis.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-II2sqNbuUEg/VyxsHD572GI/AAAAAAAAC3w/33zcSl8tpPwF6zPuPlZF8jzSkTGE3XVmwCLcB/s1600/earth1-13-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="285" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-II2sqNbuUEg/VyxsHD572GI/AAAAAAAAC3w/33zcSl8tpPwF6zPuPlZF8jzSkTGE3XVmwCLcB/s400/earth1-13-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_WcbIKB1dXY/VyxsLLn_fKI/AAAAAAAAC30/q7uUx_QAkhgIQyRZjGcVHn-iEaZiIOFwgCLcB/s1600/Earth_structure_Earthquake_waves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_WcbIKB1dXY/VyxsLLn_fKI/AAAAAAAAC30/q7uUx_QAkhgIQyRZjGcVHn-iEaZiIOFwgCLcB/s400/Earth_structure_Earthquake_waves.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Kg1eNUCMTOM/VyxsLnmZNGI/AAAAAAAAC34/22RmvZkdpAoCkfnIU7mEa6MYj_Yp7ct5gCLcB/s1600/slide_10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Kg1eNUCMTOM/VyxsLnmZNGI/AAAAAAAAC34/22RmvZkdpAoCkfnIU7mEa6MYj_Yp7ct5gCLcB/s400/slide_10.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The lithosphere is broken
into several blocks. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">These blocks are known as
plates, which are moving over asthenosphere. There are seven major plates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Eurasian
plate, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2. African
plate, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Indo-Australian plate, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Pacific
plate,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> 5. North American plate, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">6. South
American plate and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">7. Antarctic
plate. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CB-Tbr6iE3k/Vyxsv1nhj9I/AAAAAAAAC4E/FaayvDv3FKABCvE7ur1DCxxgMJ1B4vitQCLcB/s1600/PTmap.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CB-Tbr6iE3k/Vyxsv1nhj9I/AAAAAAAAC4E/FaayvDv3FKABCvE7ur1DCxxgMJ1B4vitQCLcB/s400/PTmap.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-D2AoZ686JSI/VyxswvnS0NI/AAAAAAAAC4I/HYbhJh4nlJINfaGt12HoSwIwb0lcpQ7cACLcB/s1600/tectonic-plates-map-world.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="202" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-D2AoZ686JSI/VyxswvnS0NI/AAAAAAAAC4I/HYbhJh4nlJINfaGt12HoSwIwb0lcpQ7cACLcB/s400/tectonic-plates-map-world.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Apart from
these major plates minor plates are about 20 in number, a few important among
them are :- <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Arabian plate, Philippine
plate, Cocos plate, Nazca plate, Caribbean plate, Scotia plate, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The major and minor plates
constitute the whole surface of the earth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Plate tectonics is a method
or way of understanding the land-water distribution of the earth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tectonics is a sort of movement
of plates</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Through the movement, internal
forces are explained which are responsible for the distribution of earth’s
crust, formation of mountain chains and distribtion of earthquakes and
volcanism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mechanism of plate Movement :</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Arthur Holmes, a British
geologist, in 1928 – 1929, proposed that convectional currents exist underneath
the lithosphere</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The centre of convectional
current is not exactly known, but it is believed that it has an average depth
of about 100 to 250 km below the surface. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The inception of the
current is initiated by heat generation due to radio-active minerals</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Due to integration and
disintegration of atomic minerals heat is produced and hence the melting of
surrounding rocks. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In this way currents start
operating. These currents are classified into rising and falling with
divergence and convergence activities, respectively. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E5bmMoVB5U0/VyxtU-9byEI/AAAAAAAAC4U/_f5Bw49hB4oMaC-evrlJoPb7ooKxbIQhACLcB/s1600/image15.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E5bmMoVB5U0/VyxtU-9byEI/AAAAAAAAC4U/_f5Bw49hB4oMaC-evrlJoPb7ooKxbIQhACLcB/s400/image15.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">With rising convectional
current, transport of hot and viscous matter takes place upwardly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">After reaching about 100 kms
below the surface that current gets diverged leading to split into the upper
part. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The molten material
penetrates into the split and thus creation of new surface and the draft of the
mammoth plate in opposition direction</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It happens below the
mid-oceanic ridge</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On the other hand two sets
of diverging thermal convectional currents brings two plates together and it is
called convergent boundary where subduction takes place</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GnVxFn6b-ns/Vyxv63yG67I/AAAAAAAAC4g/3jLKrsoiOeMlhvFPHigWwgPUNdRFqusuQCLcB/s1600/slide_34.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="297" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GnVxFn6b-ns/Vyxv63yG67I/AAAAAAAAC4g/3jLKrsoiOeMlhvFPHigWwgPUNdRFqusuQCLcB/s400/slide_34.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Plates of lithosphere are
constantly in motion because of convectional currents</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Their relative motion depends
upon the force operating over them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Boundaries are very distinct
and easy to identify. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They are associated with
newly formed mountain systems, oceanic ridges and trenches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Plates are moving
continuously and have relative direction of movement. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Based on the direction of
movement three types of plate boundaries can, easily, be identified.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(i)
Divergent boundary <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(ii)
Convergent boundary <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(iii)
Fracture or transform boundary fault.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-37L2lLGUIro/VyxxDDjh6WI/AAAAAAAAC4s/7hQNOQPaNxkXfFoNfqQdp3a1r1TSu2WUQCLcB/s1600/plate-boundaries-powerpoint-6-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-37L2lLGUIro/VyxxDDjh6WI/AAAAAAAAC4s/7hQNOQPaNxkXfFoNfqQdp3a1r1TSu2WUQCLcB/s400/plate-boundaries-powerpoint-6-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The convectional current
are caused due to radio-activity</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">These currents get diverted
on approaching the crust layer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Divergent
boundary : <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Diverging currents produce
tension at the contact-zone of crust leading to fracture. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Magamatic material penetrates
into the fractroges and gets solidified. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This continuous process
pushes the blocks in opposite direction and creates a new zone, known as “</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">zone of construction</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">”.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YF0wqvUT0kY/VyxxN8C3MmI/AAAAAAAAC4w/gQqpV-pikzkfUzLtcyBc-gkfGDpzh1uwACLcB/s1600/plate-boundaries-powerpoint-7-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YF0wqvUT0kY/VyxxN8C3MmI/AAAAAAAAC4w/gQqpV-pikzkfUzLtcyBc-gkfGDpzh1uwACLcB/s400/plate-boundaries-powerpoint-7-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QuE35kPc24Y/VyxzXp2cqvI/AAAAAAAAC5Q/OB-U9k8MyF8dnWjbOCZmVxheIRY4BuhrACLcB/s1600/plate-boundaries-powerpoint-8-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QuE35kPc24Y/VyxzXp2cqvI/AAAAAAAAC5Q/OB-U9k8MyF8dnWjbOCZmVxheIRY4BuhrACLcB/s400/plate-boundaries-powerpoint-8-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Convergent
boundary: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">At convergent boundary, two
adjacent plates come further and further closer to each other and collide. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">When both sides are of
continental nature, a mountain formation is evident. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">When one of the two is
continental and the other maritime again mountain comes into being along the
boundary. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In this case, continental
plate overrides the maritime. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When both plates are of
maritime, both of them break, subduct and penetrate below and, hence, trenches are
formed</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Along this boundary
earthquakes and volcanic activities are prominent</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In all these three
situations, surface area is reduced, therefore, this is also known as “</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">zone of destruction</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">”. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GeaiTONP8wg/VyxyXjoIXDI/AAAAAAAAC5A/cWkDu7EEbdMw-YwAhOJ6ZFVe1Ywj4CS9QCLcB/s1600/plate-boundaries-powerpoint-11-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GeaiTONP8wg/VyxyXjoIXDI/AAAAAAAAC5A/cWkDu7EEbdMw-YwAhOJ6ZFVe1Ywj4CS9QCLcB/s400/plate-boundaries-powerpoint-11-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fracture
or transform boundary fault :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Transform fault is the one
when two adjacent plates slide past each other</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Direction of movement may be
along or against but they move parallel to each other. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Therefore, neither there is
any construction of fresh area nor it has any destruction. Hence, it is known
as “</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">zone of preservation</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Plates are not a permanent
features but they vary in size and shape. Plates can split or get welded with
adjoining plate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Almost all tectonic
activities occur along the plate boundaries. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-B2NIEAy8t4Y/VyxzDeVoaiI/AAAAAAAAC5I/PD7vjhLLpD4D5TFFEJRMZaYOb-uJYN_vgCLcB/s1600/plate-boundaries-powerpoint-12-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-B2NIEAy8t4Y/VyxzDeVoaiI/AAAAAAAAC5I/PD7vjhLLpD4D5TFFEJRMZaYOb-uJYN_vgCLcB/s400/plate-boundaries-powerpoint-12-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0bLC6LJUlYg/VyxzIf1a0yI/AAAAAAAAC5M/8pJL45CgCik6t-uXRxJ_YkRIClWHuqmEwCLcB/s1600/plate-boundaries-powerpoint-13-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0bLC6LJUlYg/VyxzIf1a0yI/AAAAAAAAC5M/8pJL45CgCik6t-uXRxJ_YkRIClWHuqmEwCLcB/s400/plate-boundaries-powerpoint-13-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Plate Tectonics Vs Earthquakes and Volcanoes</span></b><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The distribution of
earthquakes and volcanoes over the globe clearly reveals that they are strongly
associated with the boundaries of plates</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Plate boundaries are the
zones where every sort of tectonic activity does take place. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The release of energy created
because of the movement of plates is manifested in this zone in the form of
earthquakes and volcanic eruption.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-61804084114198448382016-05-04T02:40:00.001-07:002016-05-04T02:40:58.857-07:00CONTINENTAL DRIFT <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pM-zl2K5KBY/VymtvxFEDZI/AAAAAAAAC2g/B8a-U-1FHIYEDipOqPVX6Sy6Q0xTK8s5gCLcB/s1600/7th-grade-ch-1-sec-3-drifting-continents-2-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pM-zl2K5KBY/VymtvxFEDZI/AAAAAAAAC2g/B8a-U-1FHIYEDipOqPVX6Sy6Q0xTK8s5gCLcB/s400/7th-grade-ch-1-sec-3-drifting-continents-2-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wiNkm-xQxcg/VymtwNgLmHI/AAAAAAAAC2k/g4htCNKv2ng3gt5b3OHxheMVS_pwGRppwCLcB/s1600/7th-grade-ch-1-sec-3-drifting-continents-3-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wiNkm-xQxcg/VymtwNgLmHI/AAAAAAAAC2k/g4htCNKv2ng3gt5b3OHxheMVS_pwGRppwCLcB/s400/7th-grade-ch-1-sec-3-drifting-continents-3-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">According to Alfred Wegener, the entire landmass of the globe was
together about 280 million years ago. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It was termed as </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pangea, a super continent</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The huge water body surrounding the Pangea was known as </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Panthalasa</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">From 280 to 150 million years ago, Pangea was broken latitudinally
into northern and southern parts known as Laurasia (Angaraland) and
Gondwanaland, respectively. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Both of them drifted away and in between a shallow sea emerged by
filling up the water from Panthalasa. It was known as </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tethys sea</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Later on Laurasia and Gondwanaland rifted and finally drifted to
form the present day distribution of land and water on the earth.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oKfOnYKlOUw/Vymvfiq92BI/AAAAAAAAC3A/KUMt11WlGngs-Mfh7FcV03a8Q_iGwRPpgCLcB/s1600/7th-grade-ch-1-sec-3-drifting-continents-5-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oKfOnYKlOUw/Vymvfiq92BI/AAAAAAAAC3A/KUMt11WlGngs-Mfh7FcV03a8Q_iGwRPpgCLcB/s400/7th-grade-ch-1-sec-3-drifting-continents-5-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BvEIHLoaebU/VymvgFuqnQI/AAAAAAAAC3I/sg-BrM38qtgICVJrtLaj_228bgCmGAHPACLcB/s1600/7th-grade-ch-1-sec-3-drifting-continents-6-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BvEIHLoaebU/VymvgFuqnQI/AAAAAAAAC3I/sg-BrM38qtgICVJrtLaj_228bgCmGAHPACLcB/s400/7th-grade-ch-1-sec-3-drifting-continents-6-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LUra2ctkvyY/Vymvf8EgMbI/AAAAAAAAC3E/IC3PbvZcSZM6OkxtJccbIF7VVNFEP3tFwCLcB/s1600/7th-grade-ch-1-sec-3-drifting-continents-8-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LUra2ctkvyY/Vymvf8EgMbI/AAAAAAAAC3E/IC3PbvZcSZM6OkxtJccbIF7VVNFEP3tFwCLcB/s400/7th-grade-ch-1-sec-3-drifting-continents-8-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Evidences of Drift</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Wegener gave a number of evidences in support of the unification
of landmass in geologic past. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They are such which cannot be negated even today.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Jig-saw-fit:- <o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dR5q1F-ypMs/VymuAIXWrOI/AAAAAAAAC2o/kLSSpuba6YIIPAx0XIO-umhRUQg6g-DzwCLcB/s1600/7th-grade-ch-1-sec-3-drifting-continents-7-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dR5q1F-ypMs/VymuAIXWrOI/AAAAAAAAC2o/kLSSpuba6YIIPAx0XIO-umhRUQg6g-DzwCLcB/s400/7th-grade-ch-1-sec-3-drifting-continents-7-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Eastern coast of South America is identical to Western coast of
Africa which fits to a certain depth in the ocean. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">To a certain extent coastal areas and continental shelves have
been modified by oceanic waves through denudation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. Geological similarities:- <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The mountain systems of Southern Atalantic coast in South America
and Africa show the similarity of the extension in both continents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c. Coal and Vegetation evidences:- <o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-W8AV_xTTelU/VymuWx6t9PI/AAAAAAAAC2w/hYK_buO1TrkCmVMW3f64CuYToSU4Qf2rgCLcB/s1600/7th-grade-ch-1-sec-3-drifting-continents-13-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-W8AV_xTTelU/VymuWx6t9PI/AAAAAAAAC2w/hYK_buO1TrkCmVMW3f64CuYToSU4Qf2rgCLcB/s400/7th-grade-ch-1-sec-3-drifting-continents-13-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The distribution of coal and vegetation over South America,
Africa, India and Australia proves that they were together in geological past. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The classical glacial deposits during carboniferous period over
these landmasses resemble each other which tells the story of togetherness. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Today they lie in different climatic zones. Apart from above
evidences put forward by Wegener, other evidences (known later) are also there
which support the idea of continental drift.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d. Evidences from paleomagnetism :– <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Paleomagnetism is the study of the direction of pole through ages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Magnetically susceptible minerals like haematite, pyrhotite
magnetite etc. </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">get aligned with the
magnetic pole of the earth and recorded in the solidification of magma during
that time</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It is found that periodic changes have occurred and poles have
wandered which is not possible for the entire earth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Hence, it is the twist and turn of the landblock and not for the
entire earth which has again explained that the continents have shifted their
positions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">e. Sea floor spreading :– <o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HLUTKMbtoTE/Vym4hnfV1NI/AAAAAAAAC3Y/DIUp5xplcog8NBgr9U-h_jMYO5PW9D_mgCLcB/s1600/Paleomagnetism.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HLUTKMbtoTE/Vym4hnfV1NI/AAAAAAAAC3Y/DIUp5xplcog8NBgr9U-h_jMYO5PW9D_mgCLcB/s400/Paleomagnetism.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Along the mid Atlantic ridge, magma comes out at the sea bed and
gets solidified</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A new zone is formed and this process is continuing since millions
of years. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It is leading for diversion of continental block, and hence the
size of the Atlantic ocean is increasing which is termed as sea floor
spreading. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It is the classical example of the shifting of continents. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The explanation of continental drift through sea floor spreading
and the study of paleomagnetism is commonly known as Plate Tectonics</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 9.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-43110901891717364972016-04-30T03:33:00.001-07:002016-04-30T04:02:22.519-07:00OBC Creamy and non creamy layer -How to get OBC certificate ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What
is OBC?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #252525;">Other Backward Class</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #252525;">(<b>OBC</b>) is a collective term used by the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Government of India</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #252525;">to classify<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste" title="Caste"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">castes</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #252525;">which are socially and educationally
disadvantaged. It is one of several official classifications of the population
of India, along with<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #252525;">(SCs and STs).<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; color: red;"><br /></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; color: red;">How do I know if I belong to OBC or not ?<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; color: red;"><a href="http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/CentralListStateView.aspx">http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/CentralListStateView.aspx</a></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The above link will help you decide if you belong to BC (Backward
class) community. Further ,BC is classified into creamy layer and non creamy
layer. If you belong to Non creamy layer ,then you belong to OBC.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xIwpFlk4EWg/VySG5k81yqI/AAAAAAAAC0c/MzfSGwdvbsEvo2fUFXWCWR7I7ys4wT2RwCLcB/s1600/obc5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xIwpFlk4EWg/VySG5k81yqI/AAAAAAAAC0c/MzfSGwdvbsEvo2fUFXWCWR7I7ys4wT2RwCLcB/s320/obc5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What
is Creamy layer ?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #252525;">The term<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creamy_layer" title="Creamy layer"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">creamy
layer</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #252525;">was first coined by Justice Krishna Iyer in 1975 in State of Kerala vs
NM Thomas case, wherein he observed that the benefits of reservation are
snatched away by the top creamy layer of the 'backward' caste or class, thus
keeping the weakest among the weak always weak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #252525;">They are not eligible for
government sponsored benefits in education and employment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #252525;">In UPSC, there are separate cutoffs for the General category
and OBC category .</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #252525;">The cutoff of
the OBC category is slightly lower than the General Cutoff.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #252525;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ccS6hNEvYgk/VySHTactVtI/AAAAAAAAC0g/qq0BetBnBrUyN6CR90WAGCFiQLigXyW2gCLcB/s1600/obc%2B6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ccS6hNEvYgk/VySHTactVtI/AAAAAAAAC0g/qq0BetBnBrUyN6CR90WAGCFiQLigXyW2gCLcB/s400/obc%2B6.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #252525;">The candidates
belonging to creamy layer are taken under “General Category’<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #252525;">Please Note -The creamy layer is only applicable in the case
of Other Backward Castes and not applicable on other group like SC or ST.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #252525;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; color: red;"><br /></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; color: red;">Who belongs to Creamy layer ?</span></i></span><i><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; color: red;"><br /></span></i></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OIpfPAoayMU/VySH1HYv2YI/AAAAAAAAC0w/wTEssk-FlmUybdTN0eDdHxP6tUa0hHOVwCLcB/s1600/obc%2B7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OIpfPAoayMU/VySH1HYv2YI/AAAAAAAAC0w/wTEssk-FlmUybdTN0eDdHxP6tUa0hHOVwCLcB/s400/obc%2B7.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="apple-converted-space"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><u><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For children of persons in civil services, please note that the below
list belongs to creamy layer<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8EUASjrfB6M/VySQPR2XcMI/AAAAAAAAC18/0dS8cSthFM8XLnwQu8AVX7cRfnMbIGt9gCKgB/s1600/obc1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="285" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8EUASjrfB6M/VySQPR2XcMI/AAAAAAAAC18/0dS8cSthFM8XLnwQu8AVX7cRfnMbIGt9gCKgB/s400/obc1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><u><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img height="301" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z2aixB2YFmY/VySPzHb6MsI/AAAAAAAAC14/rFekuNSMsHAsYUk8qnWxqQggP9aImJcDACLcB/s400/obc%2B2.jpg" width="400" /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Important Note –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">If you belong to creamy layer because of the
above conditions ,you will continue to fall in creamy layer even after your
parents retire from service.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: red; text-indent: -0.25in;">.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;">YOUR INCOME/STATUS DOES NOT MATTER</b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Creamy layer is based on the status of your
parents</b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> and has nothing to do with your income/status nor the status/income
of your spouse.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: red; text-indent: -0.25in;">.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Eligibility
regarding</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;">government employee is based upon his level, and not his salary.
Example </b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">–If your parents are earning 7 lakhs and they are below group B
officers ,you will still come under ‘NON CREAMY LAYER.’</span></li>
</ol>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><u><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><u><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For children of PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS/PRIVATE SECTOR<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yOU5a09h_Ic/VySIBb-VXTI/AAAAAAAAC00/mGIUxwx8-aQRgT89QgwKWBj-P6WW0uTHwCKgB/s1600/OBC3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="100" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yOU5a09h_Ic/VySIBb-VXTI/AAAAAAAAC00/mGIUxwx8-aQRgT89QgwKWBj-P6WW0uTHwCKgB/s640/OBC3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><u><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><u><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><u><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If you are not able to establish
equivalence vis-à-vis government jobs,then<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Compute the income of your
parents from salaries and income from other sources separately.(Income from
other sources excludes salaries and agricultural land)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Income from Salaries(FOR 3 CONSECUTIVE
YEARS)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Income from other sources(FOR 3 CONSECUTIVE
YEARS)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
STATUS<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
More than 6 lakhs<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
More than 6 lakhs<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
CREAMY LAYER<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Less than 6 lakhs<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
More than 6 lakhs<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
CREAMY LAYER<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
More than 6 lakhs<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Less than 6lakhs<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
CREAMY LAYER<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Less than 6 lakhs<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Less than 6 lakhs<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
NON CREAMY LAYER<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><u><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">FOR CHILDREN OF “PROFESSIONAL
CLASS AND THOSE ENGAGED IN TRADE AND INDUSTRY “<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Professional class means doctor,
lawyer, management consultant , artist, film actor, engineer, architect,
sportsperson, media professional , etc.<o:p></o:p><br />
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ede_5o-zw40/VySOaNHX05I/AAAAAAAAC1o/kMOZYE9lOfc0Y30Do1defRyT1o92zz0fQCLcB/s1600/obc%2B8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ede_5o-zw40/VySOaNHX05I/AAAAAAAAC1o/kMOZYE9lOfc0Y30Do1defRyT1o92zz0fQCLcB/s400/obc%2B8.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If the Gross annual income is
less than 6 lakhs and wealth is above exemption limit , you shall be treated as
“CREAMY LAYER”.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0in;">
<b>Note -For computation of gross annual income,
do not include ‘Income from salaries and income from agricultural land’<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I
belong to non creamy layer .How do I get certicate for the UPSC exam ?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
OBC certificate along with ‘non
creamy layer’ mention has to be obtained from the local Tahsildar.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What
is the validity period of my OBC certificate ?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7AHKeOkhbmg/VySOaMQp5qI/AAAAAAAAC1k/sZO5m1w3AYMYwHkdT76jyd2z3bxzkdAXwCLcB/s1600/obc%2B4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="178" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7AHKeOkhbmg/VySOaMQp5qI/AAAAAAAAC1k/sZO5m1w3AYMYwHkdT76jyd2z3bxzkdAXwCLcB/s640/obc%2B4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: red;"><b><i><u>IF YOU HAVE FURTHER QUERIES ,PLEASE LEAVE COMMENTS BELOW.</u></i></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="color: red;"><b><i><u><br /></u></i></b></span>
<span style="color: red;"><b><i><u><br /></u></i></b></span></div>
</div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com578tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-28588594475390616472016-04-29T01:15:00.000-07:002016-04-30T03:59:09.945-07:00CONCEPT OF ISOSTASY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The term “Isostasy” is
derived from “Isostasios”, a word of Greek language meaning the </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">state of being in balance</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yyoMGQbVoRw/VySGKxP_gQI/AAAAAAAAC0U/l3nxils53iA7TorVFOUsdPxRJg9irt2dgCLcB/s1600/Cte2007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yyoMGQbVoRw/VySGKxP_gQI/AAAAAAAAC0U/l3nxils53iA7TorVFOUsdPxRJg9irt2dgCLcB/s400/Cte2007.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">You already know and must
have seen that the mountain have many peaks and relatively great heights.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Similarly plateau and plain
have flat surfaces. They have moderate and lower height, respectively.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">On the contrary oceanic beds
and trenches have greater depths. There is a great difference in height among
these features. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">You also know that the earth
is rotating while keeping perfect balance among its various features. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thus, our earth is considered
to be in isostatic equilibrium</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Example:- Suppose you are
holding one stick each in your both hands vertically with varying heights, say
5’ and 15’ and you are moving in a particular direction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Do you have any difficulty in
maintaining a balance in congruence with your body as well as two sticks
together? Definitely, smaller stick will be easy to make a balance than the
longer one. It is just because of the centre of gravity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The centre of gravity with
smaller stick will be nearer to your holding hand in comparasion to the longer
stick</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. In the same way smaller surface features like plains are more
stable than the tall mountains</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<b>A. Isosatic Balance: views of Airy</b> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-P8Qp9uqJeDc/VySHd0xhiLI/AAAAAAAAC0o/Hoao_Xyu13sV-1JHT2s1HfMbqNa4sQxyACLcB/s1600/airy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-P8Qp9uqJeDc/VySHd0xhiLI/AAAAAAAAC0o/Hoao_Xyu13sV-1JHT2s1HfMbqNa4sQxyACLcB/s400/airy.jpg" width="388" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Airy, a geologist, considered
the density of different columns (plains, plateaus, mountains, etc.) to be the
same</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Hence, he proposed the idea of <b>‘uniform</b> <b>density with
varying thickness’</b></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">We know that the upper crust
of the earth is made up of lighter material. In this layer, silica and
aluminium are found in abundance, hence it is known as ‘Sial’. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It is less denser than the
lower one. Airy assumed that the Sialic crust is floating over the Sima (silica
and magnesium, lower denser layer). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Crustal layer is uniform in
terms of density with varying length of columns. Therefore, those columns are
projecting down into the asthenosphere depending upon the proportions of the
column. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is due to this reason
that the root has developed or the sima has been displaced from below</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">To prove this concept, Airy
took an example of wooden blocks of various sizes and immersed them into water .
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">All blocks are of same
density. They get immersed differently in proportion to their sizes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the same way higher
features with great height seen on the surface of the earth have deeper roots
whereas short in length has shorter roots beneath</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is the concept of root
which is sustaining the higher elevation. He is of the openion that the
landmasses are floating like a boat in the substratum (magmatic asthenosphere)</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">According to this concept,
the root beneath the Mt. Everest would be 8848X8 = 70784 metre below the sea
level. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">On this bases Airy has been
criticized that the root is not possible to be at such a great depth. Because
the root material will melt due to higher temperature found at that depth.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B. Isostatic Balance: views of Pratt</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GVwjXNrvKpc/VySN_vdhxDI/AAAAAAAAC1g/o9ST-Mu6CvwMDMA5xEcAMR4DOtHec_t0gCLcB/s1600/geophysics-gravimetery-method-35-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GVwjXNrvKpc/VySN_vdhxDI/AAAAAAAAC1g/o9ST-Mu6CvwMDMA5xEcAMR4DOtHec_t0gCLcB/s400/geophysics-gravimetery-method-35-638.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Pratt considered land blocks
of various heights to be different in terms of their density. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The taller landmass has
lesser density and smaller height features to be denser. In other words, there
is an inverse relationship between height and density. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">If there is a higher column,
density will be lesser and if there is a shorter column, density will be
higher. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Assuming this to be true,
he accepted that all blocks of different height get compensated at a certain
depth into the substratum</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In this way a line is being
demarcated above which there is equal pressure with varying heights. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Thus, he denounced the root
concept of Airy and accepted the ‘</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">concept of a
level of compensation</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">’</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">For proving his concept he
took a number of metal bars of varying density with same weight and put them
into mercury . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In this way they form a line
by all those bars, which he regarded to be the level of compensation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Differences between the views of Airy and Pratt</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Views
of Airy</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Views of Pratt</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Uniform
density of crustal material.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Varying
density of crustal material.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Varying
depth upto which root penetrates. crustal material reaches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Uniform
depth upto which crustal material reaches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Deeper
root below the mountain and smaller
beneath plain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">No
root formation, but a level of
Compensation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">C. Global Isostatic Adjustment :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is quite apparent that there
is no complete isostatic balance over the globe. The earth is unstable</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Endogenetic forces often
disturb the crustal balance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The regular earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions along a particular belt do not signify any balance but a
sort of adjustment is needed continuously. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Endogenetic forces and their
tectonic effects are the causes of imbalance on the surface but nature always
tries to make an isostatic adjustment with itself. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Exogenetic forces are trying
to eliminate the differences on the surface of the earth and in this process
they are peeling off, transporting down to far flung places, and depositing
them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In this process, isostatic
balance is maintained by the underneath flowage of material by subsidence at
the place of deposition and upliftment at the peeling of place in their
proportion to the denudation ..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com27tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-71653715610288840022016-04-25T03:24:00.000-07:002016-04-26T00:40:01.366-07:00PLATEAUS <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The plateaus cover about 18%
of the earth’s surface. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This landform has a large
elevated area on its top unlike a mountain and has nearly even surface out
there</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Very often rivers or streams
cut out deep valleys and gorges in a plateau region. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In place of its original
smooth topography, it then changes into a disected plateau. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Though normally 600 metres
above sea level, there are plateau of Tibet and Bolivia, more than 3600 metres
above sea level.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-a8UF-QKOfDg/Vx8Yys_Zv6I/AAAAAAAACy0/7WX4ihrGyLMAVl5o17LFezzGDwG2WjcqwCLcB/s1600/pptplateaus-1-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-a8UF-QKOfDg/Vx8Yys_Zv6I/AAAAAAAACy0/7WX4ihrGyLMAVl5o17LFezzGDwG2WjcqwCLcB/s400/pptplateaus-1-638.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CLASSIFICATION OF PLATEAUS :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> On the basis of their
geographical location and structure of rocks, the plateaus can be classified
as: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(a) Intermontane Plateaus <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(b) Piedmont Plateaus <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) Continental Plateaus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(a) Intermontane Plateau</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The plateau which are
bordering the fold mountain range or are partly or fully enclosed within them
are the intermontane plateaus</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Vertical movements raise this
extensive landforms of nearly horizontal rocks to thousands of metres above sea
level. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The extensive and over 4500
metres high plateau of Tibet is one such example</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It is surrounded by folded
mountains like Himalaya, Karakoram, Kunlun, Tien Shah on its two sides. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The plateau of Colorado is
another well known example, over one km high into which rivers have cut the
Grand Canyon and a series of gorges. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The plateau of Mexico,
Bolivia and Iran are all other examples of this type.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1m9J2c2cRbI/Vx8ZQPcxJKI/AAAAAAAACy4/1mzaA5Y4POknhFicsnliM9PuRr2bQ3c9ACLcB/s1600/pptplateaus-4-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="315" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1m9J2c2cRbI/Vx8ZQPcxJKI/AAAAAAAACy4/1mzaA5Y4POknhFicsnliM9PuRr2bQ3c9ACLcB/s400/pptplateaus-4-638.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fbXP4_Q-6wY/Vx8ZVgEcErI/AAAAAAAACy8/ragpyMBH2pwYHB2aUxiO1zwRi8JD2RLKACLcB/s1600/untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="253" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fbXP4_Q-6wY/Vx8ZVgEcErI/AAAAAAAACy8/ragpyMBH2pwYHB2aUxiO1zwRi8JD2RLKACLcB/s400/untitled.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(b) Piedmont Plateau :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The plateaus that are
situated at the foot of the mountains and are bounded on other sides by a plain
or an ocean are called piedmount plateau</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The plateau of Malwa in India</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, those of Patagonia facing the Atlantic ocean and the
Appallachian situated between the Appalachian Mountain and the Atlantic Coastal
Plain in U.S.A are their examples. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In their case, the areas once
high have now been reduced by various agents of erosion. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For this reason, these are
also called the plateaus of denudation</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1tYtTdLel3c/Vx8ZqA2aV8I/AAAAAAAACzE/qjNliIVZrcYs6MPdHuLw3N0v1Db84c8IwCLcB/s1600/images%2B%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1tYtTdLel3c/Vx8ZqA2aV8I/AAAAAAAACzE/qjNliIVZrcYs6MPdHuLw3N0v1Db84c8IwCLcB/s400/images%2B%25281%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nhowk9zKmp0/Vx8Z9kC_kQI/AAAAAAAACzM/EKNOJlVvHOACfpNmnBTwMcLo56QlBxwMwCLcB/s1600/pptplateaus-5-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="277" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nhowk9zKmp0/Vx8Z9kC_kQI/AAAAAAAACzM/EKNOJlVvHOACfpNmnBTwMcLo56QlBxwMwCLcB/s400/pptplateaus-5-638.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) Continental plateau :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These are formed either by
an extensive continental uplift or by the spread of horizontal basic lava
sheets completely covering the original topography to a great depth</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The volcanic lava covered
plateau of Maharashtra in India</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, Snake River Plateau in
North West USA are the examples of this type. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">These are also, called the </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ptateau of accumulation</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">All continental plateaus show
an abrupt elevation in contrast to the nearby lowland or the sea . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">As compared to other, these
plateaus, cover a vast area like the Great Indian Plateau and those of Arabia,
Spain, Greenland, Africa and Australia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They may be tilted on one
side without any disturbance in the horizontal nature of underlying rock strata
as in the case of Great Indian plateau.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Due to continuous erosion of
their surface, we observe the prevalence of a patchy or the slow development of
agriculture and building of roads on the plateaus. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XMTLm0iD2X0/Vx8aP6oPZKI/AAAAAAAACzU/kTtQ3Ut8vUwcJMUByCcXuZXR8Sl9ojQ4wCLcB/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XMTLm0iD2X0/Vx8aP6oPZKI/AAAAAAAACzU/kTtQ3Ut8vUwcJMUByCcXuZXR8Sl9ojQ4wCLcB/s400/images.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-goRYfi9mNTs/Vx8bMMk5NqI/AAAAAAAACzk/U4_BeopbMEchHXO6Q9JMKqhjMLretWJpQCLcB/s1600/Difference-Between-Mountain-and-Plateau-image-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-goRYfi9mNTs/Vx8bMMk5NqI/AAAAAAAACzk/U4_BeopbMEchHXO6Q9JMKqhjMLretWJpQCLcB/s400/Difference-Between-Mountain-and-Plateau-image-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nevertheless plateaus are extremely useful to mankind in the
following ways:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="color: #00b050; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">(1) Storehouse of Minerals</b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Most of the minerals in the
world are found in the plateaus. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Besides, the extraction of
minerals is relatively easier on plateaus. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">We get gold from the Plateau
of Western Australia; copper, diamonds and gold from the Plateaus of Africa and
coal, iron, manganese and mica from the Chota Nagpur Plateau in India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (2) Generation of
Hydel-power</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Rivers falling down the edges
of plateaus form water-falls. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">These waterfalls provide
ideal sites for generating hydel-power.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(3) Cool Climate :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The higher parts of the
plateaus even in tropical and sub-tropical regions have cool climate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Hence they have attracted
Europeans to settle there and develop their economy e.g. South and East Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(4) Useful for
Animal-rearing and Agriculture :</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Plateaus have large grassland
areas suitable for animal-rearing specially sheep, goat and cattle. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They provide a veriety of
products such as wool, milk, meat and hides and skin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The lava plateaus as compared
to all other plateau are richer in agriculture since their soil is very fertile.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-16120844242362898582016-04-22T00:20:00.002-07:002016-04-23T02:45:51.438-07:00Water: Ocean<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Water: Ocean<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Learning Goals:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ocean Waves<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Tsunami<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Tides<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ocean circulation:</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Unlike the calm
waters of a pond or lakes, ocean water keeps moving continuously. These
movements can be classified into:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Waves<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Currents<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tides<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="background: white;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Wave :<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7-G0Ey8EUl0/VxtBMnNr47I/AAAAAAAACx8/1HT7B-62mj8l_HiTBiJ1JujqwFKHQWi7QCLcB/s1600/movements-of-ocean-water-3-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7-G0Ey8EUl0/VxtBMnNr47I/AAAAAAAACx8/1HT7B-62mj8l_HiTBiJ1JujqwFKHQWi7QCLcB/s400/movements-of-ocean-water-3-638.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">When the water on the surface of the
ocean rises and falls alternately, they are called waves. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">They are formed when winds scrape the
ocean floor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">When we throw a ball in the ocean, it
gets washed back to the shore by the waves. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The stronger the wind blows, the bigger
the wave becomes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">During a storm, the wind blows at a
very high speed forming huge waves. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">These may cause tremendous destruction.\<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LhyR8wR_U4I/VxtBjPv-ZbI/AAAAAAAACyA/ctHHSfLTkskExias8u8Udfda7FfhBggeACLcB/s1600/movements-of-ocean-water-4-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LhyR8wR_U4I/VxtBjPv-ZbI/AAAAAAAACyA/ctHHSfLTkskExias8u8Udfda7FfhBggeACLcB/s400/movements-of-ocean-water-4-638.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The following can shift large amounts
of ocean water:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">An earthquake<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A volcanic eruption<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Underwater landslide<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Due
to the above, a huge tidal wave called tsunami is formed. It may be as high as
15 metres. The highest tsunami ever measured was 150 m high. These waves travel
at a speed of 700 km/h.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background: white;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Tides : (prlms 2015)<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PLPK5jGJzgw/VxtCDnnzClI/AAAAAAAACyI/0w5rx8ank3AEfuEyTSQO8aL3E-01G2TNACLcB/s1600/movements-of-ocean-water-7-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PLPK5jGJzgw/VxtCDnnzClI/AAAAAAAACyI/0w5rx8ank3AEfuEyTSQO8aL3E-01G2TNACLcB/s400/movements-of-ocean-water-7-638.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W-4mTA0RN4Q/VxtEKCF6CPI/AAAAAAAACyg/tGOJUxv2Qu4iKl76K7TkXkK1qzjbjUBfQCLcB/s1600/94579-004-2DF826EC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W-4mTA0RN4Q/VxtEKCF6CPI/AAAAAAAACyg/tGOJUxv2Qu4iKl76K7TkXkK1qzjbjUBfQCLcB/s400/94579-004-2DF826EC.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The rhythmic rise and fall of water
twice in a day is called a tide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;">
<strong><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">High
Tide:</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">This occurs when water covers much of
the shore by rising to its highest level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;">
<strong><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Low
Tide:<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">There is a low tide when water falls to
its lowest level and recedes from the shore.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tides are caused by the strong
gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon on the earth’s surface. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The rise and fall of water due to tides
is used for generating electricity in some places. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The water of the earth closer to the
moon gets pulled under the moon’s gravitational force and causes a high tide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4 style="background: white;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Types of Tides:<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<strong><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Spring Tides:</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">During the full moon and new moon days, the sun, the earth
and the moon are in the same line and the tides are the highest. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">These tides are called spring tides.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0Pdwj4VpEsU/Vxs-QLelhvI/AAAAAAAACxg/iitFLkYRn-Qpunw_GqQNhO6pgkTnzCOfACLcB/s1600/tides-and-tsunamis-lrg-5-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="297" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0Pdwj4VpEsU/Vxs-QLelhvI/AAAAAAAACxg/iitFLkYRn-Qpunw_GqQNhO6pgkTnzCOfACLcB/s400/tides-and-tsunamis-lrg-5-638.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;">
<strong><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Neap
Tide:</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">When the moon is in its first and third
quarters, the ocean waters get drawn in diagonally opposite directions by the
gravitational pull of the sun and the earth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">This results in low tides; called neap
tides.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-s8yOiSh52XQ/Vxs-gbs734I/AAAAAAAACxk/mGJKFpTIymoIXmh4jam1EAyvQ499tdv8gCLcB/s1600/Neap-Tides%2B%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-s8yOiSh52XQ/Vxs-gbs734I/AAAAAAAACxk/mGJKFpTIymoIXmh4jam1EAyvQ499tdv8gCLcB/s400/Neap-Tides%2B%25281%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vzPtmqmHPhA/Vxs_MTvXsmI/AAAAAAAACxs/8Rq3ti6F8UMymfi6zXFSoTlA0yPnt85EACLcB/s1600/tides_lg.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="391" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vzPtmqmHPhA/Vxs_MTvXsmI/AAAAAAAACxs/8Rq3ti6F8UMymfi6zXFSoTlA0yPnt85EACLcB/s400/tides_lg.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
<h5 style="background: white;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Advantages of High Tide:<o:p></o:p></span></h5>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">They help in navigation. They raise the
water level close to the shores and help the ships to arrive at the harbor more
easily.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">They help in fishing. More fish come closer
to the shore during high tides. This helps the fishermen to have a good catch
and earn more.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background: white;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ocean
Current<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rghGQTxrUCA/VxtCgbllDMI/AAAAAAAACyQ/3OrsiKBMsv0BQqX5l221tLnoV64dklC4ACLcB/s1600/movements-of-ocean-water-9-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rghGQTxrUCA/VxtCgbllDMI/AAAAAAAACyQ/3OrsiKBMsv0BQqX5l221tLnoV64dklC4ACLcB/s400/movements-of-ocean-water-9-638.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">They are streams of water flowing
continuously on the ocean’s surface in definite directions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">They influence the temperature
conditions of the area. They may be warm or cold.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;">
<strong><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Warm
Current:</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">They originate near the equator and
move towards the poles. The Gulf Stream is a warm current. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">They bring warm temperature over land
surface.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;">
<strong><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Cold
Current:</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">They carry water from polar or higher
latitudes to tropical or lower latitudes. For example; the Labrador Ocean
Current.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> They result in cold temperature over the land
surface.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h5 style="background: white;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Effect of the meeting of warm and
cold currents: (prlms 2013)<o:p></o:p></span></h5>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">They provide the best fishing grounds of the
world.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> Some
example of these are: Seas around Japan and Seas around the eastern coast
of North America.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">They lead to foggy weather which makes
navigation difficult.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background: white;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tsunami<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tsunami or the harbor wave brought
large scale destruction in the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">It was due to an earthquake of magnitude
9.0 on the Richter scale.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The epicenter of this earthquake was
near the western boundary of Sumatra. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">There was a sudden movement of sea
floor causing earthquake, as the Indian plate went under the Burma plate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The ocean floor was displaced by about
10 to 20 m and huge mass of ocean water filled the gap that was created by the
displacement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tsunami travelled at a high speed of
about 800 km/h. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Indira Point in the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands got submerged after the tsunami. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Some of the islands in the Indian Ocean
got completely washed away. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The destruction killed more than 10000
people and affected more than one lakh houses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> Coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Kerala, Puducherry and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands were the worst affected
areas in India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Early warning systems are in place
which can give a warning of tsunami three to four hour in advance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Such warning systems were in place in
the Pacific Ocean but not in the Indian Ocean because tsunamis are rare in the
Indian Ocean.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The first indication that tsunami is
approaching is the rapid withdrawal of water from the coastal region, followed
by a destructive wave.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="background: white;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Keywords<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;">
<strong><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Terrarium:</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">It is the artificial enclosure for keeping small house
plants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;">
<strong><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Salinity:</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">It is the amount of salt in grams present in 1000 grams of
water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h5 style="background: white;">
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Do You Know?<o:p></o:p></span></h5>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The average salinity of the ocean is 35 parts
per thousand. Dead Sea in Israel has salinity of 45 parts per thousand.
Swimmers can float in it because the increased salt content makes it
dense.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">World Water Day is celebrated on March 22. On
this day the need for conservation of water is reinforced.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Tsunami is a Japanese word. It means the
‘harbor waves’ as the harbors get destroyed whenever there is a tsunami.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-12568299413364213742016-04-19T02:11:00.003-07:002016-04-19T02:11:53.340-07:00OCEANS SUBMARINE RELIEF :<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">OCEAN BASINS</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">About 71 % of the earth’s surface is covered by water. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Oceans form a single, large, continuous body of water encircling
all the landmass of the earth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They account for four- fifth of the Southern Hemisphere and
three fifth of the Northern Hemisphere</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They contain 97.2 percent of the world’s total water</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">There are four principal oceans in the world which are separated
largely on the basis of their geographical locations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">These are the Pacific Ocean, the Indian ocean, the Atlantic Ocean
and the Arctic Ocean. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">All the other seas, inland seas or the arms of the oceans, are
counted within these four main oceans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">THE RELIEF OF THE OCEAN BASINS</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The Ocean basins are broadly
divided into four major sub-divisions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They are: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(a) Continental shelf; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(b) Continental slope;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) Abyssal plains and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(d) The ocean deeps.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(a) Continental Shelf :<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NrnetkrCQko/VxXLS2sPsbI/AAAAAAAACuI/z4y6-gnRAGIKJVdCGBxISbfw0BCxMs-ywCLcB/s1600/500-continental-shelf-diagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NrnetkrCQko/VxXLS2sPsbI/AAAAAAAACuI/z4y6-gnRAGIKJVdCGBxISbfw0BCxMs-ywCLcB/s400/500-continental-shelf-diagram.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There is no clear or well-defined line separating oceans from
continents</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Infact, continents do not end abruptly at shoreline</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They slope seaward from the coast to a point where the slope
becomes very steep. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The shallow submerged extension of continent is called the
continental shelf</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The depth of this shallow sea water</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> over the continental shelf ranges </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">between 120 to
370 metres</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The width of the continental shelf</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> varies greatly
ranging between a </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">few kilometres to more than 100
kilometres</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This variation can be seen even in the context of Indian
peninsula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The continental shelf off the eastern coast of India is much wider
than that of the western coast</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-k-Cq_V-AYlo/VxXL1qgxotI/AAAAAAAACuQ/slqn1eVd21sMbrWb9qpyl5b1Gpol9OaKgCLcB/s1600/coast-closeup.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-k-Cq_V-AYlo/VxXL1qgxotI/AAAAAAAACuQ/slqn1eVd21sMbrWb9qpyl5b1Gpol9OaKgCLcB/s400/coast-closeup.png" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aNle24inN6g/VxXLwYmvpiI/AAAAAAAACuM/ONj760UlK4IaGWglsPw2KtcruvoVpSQzwCLcB/s1600/coastal-wave.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="368" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aNle24inN6g/VxXLwYmvpiI/AAAAAAAACuM/ONj760UlK4IaGWglsPw2KtcruvoVpSQzwCLcB/s400/coastal-wave.gif" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5G_KbdLDpgc/VxXPQ3NpSBI/AAAAAAAACug/ffinCSFfOLk9Qngcl8wE8-M3pnw_aobLQCLcB/s1600/physiography-of-india-23-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5G_KbdLDpgc/VxXPQ3NpSBI/AAAAAAAACug/ffinCSFfOLk9Qngcl8wE8-M3pnw_aobLQCLcB/s400/physiography-of-india-23-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Similar variations are seen all over the world. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They are much narrower or absent in some continents, particularly
where fold mountains run parallel or close to the coast as along the eastern
Pacific Ocean</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SoRxsduCUjY/VxXTiHXILSI/AAAAAAAACus/GsvIX-dfIFQ_Bws5Jjs68VGhrI6erHrBQCLcB/s1600/c4BOE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="295" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SoRxsduCUjY/VxXTiHXILSI/AAAAAAAACus/GsvIX-dfIFQ_Bws5Jjs68VGhrI6erHrBQCLcB/s400/c4BOE.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Most of
the continental shelves represent land which has been <span style="color: #7030a0;">inundated
by a rise in sea level</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Many regard their formation due to the </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">erosional work of waves</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> or due to </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">the extension of land by the deposition of river borne material</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> on the off-shore terraces.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Off the coast regions which
were once covered by ice sheets, they may have </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">developed due
to glacial deposits</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The continental shelves are of great importance to man. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The shallow water over the shelf enables sunlight to penetrate
through the water to the bottom and encourages growth of microscopic plants and
animals called planktons</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> These planktons are the
food for fishes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Continental shelves are the source of fishes, mineral including sand
and gravel</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A large quantity of the world’s petroleum and natural gas is
obtained from these shelves</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> The Bombay High and the
recent discovery of petroleum in the Godavari basin are examples of on shore
drilling on the continental shelf. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Coral reefs and lipoclastic materials are also common on
continental shelves</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the striking features of the continental shelf is the
presence of </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">submarine canyons</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> which extend
to the continental slope</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">These canyons are ‘</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">steepsided
valleys’ cut into the floor of the seas</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They are very </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">similar to the </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">gorges</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> found on the </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">continents</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Godavari Canyon</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> in front of the Godavari river
mouth is 502 metres deep .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the reasons for the formation of submarine canyon is
underwater landslide</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LsmV7QoebJ0/VxXbTU-Y_jI/AAAAAAAACvQ/9bYMFHpRwZsDsuWwDa3jAyJQA275_aIMACLcB/s1600/1febc5897a384c6fa5a00658469850bc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="363" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LsmV7QoebJ0/VxXbTU-Y_jI/AAAAAAAACvQ/9bYMFHpRwZsDsuWwDa3jAyJQA275_aIMACLcB/s400/1febc5897a384c6fa5a00658469850bc.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The sediments collected on the continental shelves get dislodged
by a storm or a earthquake. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The force of these moving sediments erode the slopes as they come
down and as a result submarine canyons are carved out. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The continental shelf is generally considered to be territorial
water extent of the nations to which it adjoins.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(b) Continental Slope :<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YIAm1lIP9GY/VxXcGYoLmsI/AAAAAAAACvc/mUbMcbuTK34c0CiieLEd9Xf37EQd0en4QCLcB/s1600/500-continental-shelf-diagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YIAm1lIP9GY/VxXcGYoLmsI/AAAAAAAACvc/mUbMcbuTK34c0CiieLEd9Xf37EQd0en4QCLcB/s400/500-continental-shelf-diagram.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The continuously sloping portion of the continental margin, seaward
of the continental shelf and extending
down to the deep sea floor of the abyssal plain, is known as continental slope</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It is charactersied by </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">gradients of
2.5 degrees</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It extends between the </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">depth of 180 to
3600 metres</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Continental slopes, mainly due to their steepness and increasing
distance from the land have </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">very little deposits of sediments
on them</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Sea life is also far less here than on the shelf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Along the base of the continental slope is a deposit of sediments.
This belt of sedimentary deposits form the <span style="color: red;">continental rise</span>. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PuGQ0inl-dw/VxXaKghLPmI/AAAAAAAACvI/X0VFciav__cCguPpa97sZaT8FHZezv_5QCLcB/s1600/3173-004-A082E9F3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PuGQ0inl-dw/VxXaKghLPmI/AAAAAAAACvI/X0VFciav__cCguPpa97sZaT8FHZezv_5QCLcB/s400/3173-004-A082E9F3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In some regions the rise is very narrow but in others it may
extend up to 600 km in width</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OnL99M1LZvg/VxXYfgg9jWI/AAAAAAAACu8/QeU_XQEKUG0sYCbdzJ3CuX2tpzx48_27ACLcB/s1600/untitled-149F7AF6F31354E5CA6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OnL99M1LZvg/VxXYfgg9jWI/AAAAAAAACu8/QeU_XQEKUG0sYCbdzJ3CuX2tpzx48_27ACLcB/s400/untitled-149F7AF6F31354E5CA6.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) Abyssal Plain :<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Abyssal plains are extremely flat and featureless plains of the
deepocean floor</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In fact, the abyssal plains are likely the most level areas on the
earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Abyssal plains covering a major portion of ocean floor between the
</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">depth of 3000m to 6000m</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They were once regarded as featureless plains but modem devices
have shown that they are as irregular as the continental plain or surface. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They have extensive submarine plateaus, hills, guyots and seamounts</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-atKDgpOjf00/VxXm5Y5gSsI/AAAAAAAACvs/mQ-kKSOd9Lwr5DPMZa757Y_d-baOZaymwCLcB/s1600/slide_26.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-atKDgpOjf00/VxXm5Y5gSsI/AAAAAAAACvs/mQ-kKSOd9Lwr5DPMZa757Y_d-baOZaymwCLcB/s400/slide_26.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-elXi2Ke2ILE/VxXnJNfMs9I/AAAAAAAACvw/r0P6h-C4TgsuGnKhHGHgg2LFpgq8X4I7wCLcB/s1600/seamounts_and_tablemounts_or_guyots1348439595492.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-elXi2Ke2ILE/VxXnJNfMs9I/AAAAAAAACvw/r0P6h-C4TgsuGnKhHGHgg2LFpgq8X4I7wCLcB/s400/seamounts_and_tablemounts_or_guyots1348439595492.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> The floor of the abyssal
plain is covered by sediments. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The plains close to the continents are covered mostly by sediments
brought down from the land. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But those seas which favour, an abundant growth of organisms
have a thick layer of sediments, formed from the remains of living things</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These sediments are called oozes</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some of the open seas do not support enough life to produce ooze
on the floor</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They are covered with a type of sediment called red clay which
is of volcanic origin or made up of tiny particles brought by wind and rivers</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(i) Submarine Ridges :<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The lofty mountain systems which exist on the continents is also
represented beneath the ocean waters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These oceanic mountains are known as submarine ridges</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They are linear belts occurring near the middle of the oceans
and are also called mid-oceanic ridges</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">All the mid oceanic ridges constitute a world-wide system which is
</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">interconnected from ocean to ocean</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> These ridges are
intersected by faults. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The oceanic ridge is the site of frequent earthquakes</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Volcanism is common in ocean ridges and it produces many relief
features. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the largest continuous submerged
mountain ridge which runs from north to south in the Atlantic-Ocean</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. It is in the shape of S.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> At some places, the
peaks, rise above the surface of water in the form of islands</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Many of the islands are volcanic in origin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The East Pacific Ridge and Carlsberg Ridge are some of the
important submarine ridges.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iq43Vlv_IuM/VxXpc8aj_YI/AAAAAAAACwE/idPkUeubtsoglU35duY5kVAd7m1yvLT_wCLcB/s1600/oceanic-oceanic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iq43Vlv_IuM/VxXpc8aj_YI/AAAAAAAACwE/idPkUeubtsoglU35duY5kVAd7m1yvLT_wCLcB/s400/oceanic-oceanic.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BnJZyUVMl1w/VxXpcdk8YBI/AAAAAAAACwA/JYJF-uC6Ui0e2VYTFbx9ElsXXXuK5-kkwCLcB/s1600/zona-de-subduccao.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="383" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BnJZyUVMl1w/VxXpcdk8YBI/AAAAAAAACwA/JYJF-uC6Ui0e2VYTFbx9ElsXXXuK5-kkwCLcB/s400/zona-de-subduccao.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(ii) Seamounts and Guyots :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Scattered over the entire sea floor are thousands of </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">submerged volcanoes with sharp tops called seamounts</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-elXi2Ke2ILE/VxXnJNfMs9I/AAAAAAAACv4/5JSglbVJp_AsT5CHEmpL2AAYWarCVgvAACKgB/s1600/seamounts_and_tablemounts_or_guyots1348439595492.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-elXi2Ke2ILE/VxXnJNfMs9I/AAAAAAAACv4/5JSglbVJp_AsT5CHEmpL2AAYWarCVgvAACKgB/s400/seamounts_and_tablemounts_or_guyots1348439595492.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sometimes they rise above the sea as isolated Islands</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Hawaii and Tahiti Islands are the exposed tops of volcanoes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Volcano rising above the ocean floor whose top has been
flattened by erosion and is covered by water is called guyot</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UceBRED4mfE/VxXqQDtJ3RI/AAAAAAAACwM/9NWDoVJaJC4YHqzg2OOUJ7J85eJGi4PogCLcB/s1600/seamounts_and_tablemounts_or_guyots1348439595492.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UceBRED4mfE/VxXqQDtJ3RI/AAAAAAAACwM/9NWDoVJaJC4YHqzg2OOUJ7J85eJGi4PogCLcB/s400/seamounts_and_tablemounts_or_guyots1348439595492.jpg" width="328" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(d) The Ocean Deeps</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They are long, narrow, steep sided
and flat-floored depressions on the ocean floor</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They are generally called
submarine trenches</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8QgwPaXsPlU/VxXrot8NV3I/AAAAAAAACwY/FR7jgFYp2egA1gYTC596qQKX2Ll6oAoJgCLcB/s1600/2000px-Oceanic_spreading.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8QgwPaXsPlU/VxXrot8NV3I/AAAAAAAACwY/FR7jgFYp2egA1gYTC596qQKX2Ll6oAoJgCLcB/s400/2000px-Oceanic_spreading.svg.png" width="360" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PcqSzYr_WdY/VxXrYA6vYMI/AAAAAAAACwU/BOGmpB7212EmsnhQhTCZMezTXWHY8d8GACLcB/s1600/5234817_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PcqSzYr_WdY/VxXrYA6vYMI/AAAAAAAACwU/BOGmpB7212EmsnhQhTCZMezTXWHY8d8GACLcB/s400/5234817_orig.jpg" width="360" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">These trenches are </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">not always located in the middle of the ocean basins, as may be
generally expected but are situated very close or parallel to the continents
bordered by fold mountains</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">They are usually found adjacent to
the areas of volcanic and earthquake activity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Great earthquakes and tsunamis are
born in them. They occur in all the major oceans. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Pacific Ocean has the largest
number of trenches</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The Mariana Trench in ‘the Pacific
Ocean is the deepest known part of the oceans. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_MkN4LIK2CA/VxX1tOCZhKI/AAAAAAAACws/-VjCoCH0se8gCulR7BYJMuOZlOKZYAZtACLcB/s1600/geography-notes-volcanoes-earthquakes-aqa-33-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_MkN4LIK2CA/VxX1tOCZhKI/AAAAAAAACws/-VjCoCH0se8gCulR7BYJMuOZlOKZYAZtACLcB/s400/geography-notes-volcanoes-earthquakes-aqa-33-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-2134172016686457582016-04-16T05:19:00.000-07:002016-04-16T05:19:39.418-07:00LANDFORMS PRODUCED BY SEA WAVES <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The work of sea waves as an agent of gradation includes erosion,
transportation and deposition. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> (A) EROSION BY SEA WAVES
:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sea
waves have a great erosive force. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In their role of an erosional agent they perform four functions</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">When
the sea water loaded with rock fragments and sand <span style="color: #7030a0;">attack
the coastal rocks</span> it is called <i><span style="color: red;">abrasion</span></i>.
<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wW-UZX7y428/VxIqkYGmzmI/AAAAAAAACs0/TuG7vQJWBBw_CmWqbSEofg5lp8S8Dv8sACLcB/s1600/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-12-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wW-UZX7y428/VxIqkYGmzmI/AAAAAAAACs0/TuG7vQJWBBw_CmWqbSEofg5lp8S8Dv8sACLcB/s400/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-12-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The rock particles present in the water hit against each other </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">and
break into progressively smaller particles. This process is called <i><span style="color: red;">attrition</span></i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Thirdly
the broadening of cracks and crevices in the cliffs along the coast due to the
attack of the sea waves is called the <i><span style="color: red;">hydraulic</span></i><span style="color: red;"> <i>action</i></span>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The rocks made up of limestone are subjected</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> to <i><span style="color: red;">solution </span>action </i>by the sea waves.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cnbKv0Dz9qw/VxIq2i391JI/AAAAAAAACs4/8itC0qMCfLYOM_bG9lMs3XPx9j0py5H0QCLcB/s1600/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-13-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cnbKv0Dz9qw/VxIq2i391JI/AAAAAAAACs4/8itC0qMCfLYOM_bG9lMs3XPx9j0py5H0QCLcB/s400/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-13-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">All
these processes help in formation of new features on the coastal margins.</span><br />
<b style="text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Landforms Produced by sea Wave Erosion :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Waves,
like streams erode the coastal rocks with the help of rock fragments present in
the water. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">important
features made through sea wave erosion are mentioned here:</span><br />
<b style="text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(i) Sea Cliff</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The maximum impact of the sea waves is observed on the lower
part of the coastal rocks and consequently the lower part of the rocks is
eroded more rapidly than the upper part</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">This
results in the formation of a hollow under the rock and with the passage of
time this excavation in the lower part of the rock keeps on becoming larger.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
upper part of the rock is thus left projecting out towards the sea. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">After sometime, this projecting part fall into the sea under its
own weight. As a result a vertical wall is left. This vertical wall is called a
cliff</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In
India a number of sea cliffs are found along the Konkan Coast of India.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-27YFinwyjps/VxH_SY9ZnzI/AAAAAAAACqk/DYkmT5gDac4bpol_ZdFU_QJTMRDUEr6ZACLcB/s1600/0a83caf76f2da1da8ea46b907bb462b592c8726f.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-27YFinwyjps/VxH_SY9ZnzI/AAAAAAAACqk/DYkmT5gDac4bpol_ZdFU_QJTMRDUEr6ZACLcB/s400/0a83caf76f2da1da8ea46b907bb462b592c8726f.gif" width="388" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6cA30bLF_A4/VxH_Uihm5tI/AAAAAAAACqo/L5HY25xVMkU2fEXFR61ob0RhR28Ix_1HwCLcB/s1600/cliff.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6cA30bLF_A4/VxH_Uihm5tI/AAAAAAAACqo/L5HY25xVMkU2fEXFR61ob0RhR28Ix_1HwCLcB/s400/cliff.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kg8hUuE9Xzk/VxH_VuWypsI/AAAAAAAACqs/QI5JAwW0hHcnR2s4OfipLDiKNZfQxRl8wCLcB/s1600/cliffs-and-wave-cut-platforms-2-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kg8hUuE9Xzk/VxH_VuWypsI/AAAAAAAACqs/QI5JAwW0hHcnR2s4OfipLDiKNZfQxRl8wCLcB/s400/cliffs-and-wave-cut-platforms-2-638.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T_QGGh17cKk/VxH_YTprzeI/AAAAAAAACqw/4QRwNG9WUbYIpgE7kqDp9LfzDwrEnB3AQCLcB/s1600/Figure-2.1.27.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="315" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T_QGGh17cKk/VxH_YTprzeI/AAAAAAAACqw/4QRwNG9WUbYIpgE7kqDp9LfzDwrEnB3AQCLcB/s400/Figure-2.1.27.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(ii) Sea Caves :</span></b><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">When
the upper part of the coastal rock is hard and the lower part is soft, the erosion
is not uniform. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
lower part of the rock in such circumstances is eroded much faster than the
upper part. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Due to differential erosion a hollow is created in the lower
part of the rock</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">When
the waves pound against this hollow, air present<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">in the hollow
gets compressed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">When
the wave comes out of the hollow, the pressure on air is also released and it
expands. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Due to continuous compression of the air in the hollow, the
rocks are subjected to a great pressure and they break</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In this process, the hollows in the lower part of the rock keep
on enlarging</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">With passage
of time they attain the form of caves and are known as sea caves.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3YjMWKNP6Ww/VxIY3vpoqXI/AAAAAAAACrA/qcsU3hZQqQE3RszGrSDznwMROlJ1y-hXgCLcB/s1600/168cbc7015d0b58b26507d59688f1b7bd87770a4.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3YjMWKNP6Ww/VxIY3vpoqXI/AAAAAAAACrA/qcsU3hZQqQE3RszGrSDznwMROlJ1y-hXgCLcB/s400/168cbc7015d0b58b26507d59688f1b7bd87770a4.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mB0FiiLN8p0/VxIY4Wx6vZI/AAAAAAAACrE/RYDK_92Jziswx-SVlUq8VOyo6tnLOzWhQCLcB/s1600/rock-202089_640.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mB0FiiLN8p0/VxIY4Wx6vZI/AAAAAAAACrE/RYDK_92Jziswx-SVlUq8VOyo6tnLOzWhQCLcB/s400/rock-202089_640.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b style="text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(iii) Sea Arches :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">When a
part of coast extends to some distance into the sea, sea waves working from
opposite directions cut a passage through the soft rocks. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In the
initial stages, this passage is a narrow hole but it enlarges into a broad
arch. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">These broad doorlike features are called sea arches or natural
bridges</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ssWFNdDARuk/VxIaWsSuTZI/AAAAAAAACrQ/lzbRZZpUoREZBtqqHmaSOrufzZPk4tu4QCLcB/s1600/los_cabos_rock_arch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ssWFNdDARuk/VxIaWsSuTZI/AAAAAAAACrQ/lzbRZZpUoREZBtqqHmaSOrufzZPk4tu4QCLcB/s400/los_cabos_rock_arch.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<b style="text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(iv) Sea Stacks :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">When the roof of an arch is broken by erosion or under its own
weight</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
or due to any other reason a part of the original rock remains standing as a
solitary mass. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">It may
be the rock forming the side of the arch. This type of a feature is called a
seastack.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sometimes
they take the shape of islands but such islands are not<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">permanent.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Small
underwater stacks are known as stumps</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i09Omyqimtk/VxIan_Xm2RI/AAAAAAAACrU/54Ovzmqq5RcUJg01wQrEoJeKmEBc-BZrwCLcB/s1600/seaStack2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="276" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i09Omyqimtk/VxIan_Xm2RI/AAAAAAAACrU/54Ovzmqq5RcUJg01wQrEoJeKmEBc-BZrwCLcB/s400/seaStack2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uAhe6ziJVgc/VxIcPQ67dyI/AAAAAAAACro/OCxJObJYd38AUjAUxooGJX_kQOwRvqU0gCLcB/s1600/3731429_ac002f4f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uAhe6ziJVgc/VxIcPQ67dyI/AAAAAAAACro/OCxJObJYd38AUjAUxooGJX_kQOwRvqU0gCLcB/s400/3731429_ac002f4f.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Uf5AvD16LNg/VxIcPiYrlaI/AAAAAAAACrk/lEbmKoYsCtk9hY1NHiG0Uoq36t6twBlIQCLcB/s1600/742101128_orig.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Uf5AvD16LNg/VxIcPiYrlaI/AAAAAAAACrk/lEbmKoYsCtk9hY1NHiG0Uoq36t6twBlIQCLcB/s400/742101128_orig.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<b style="text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="text-indent: -9pt;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(B) Transportation by Sea Waves :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sea
waves, currents and tides are the main agents of transportation of eroded material
in the coastal regions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">However,
the role of waves is more important in connection with the formation of coastal
relief features. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The material deposited on the coasts by the rivers and glaciers
etc. is removed and transported by the waves</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><br />
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -9pt;">Transportation by sea waves is carried out in two ways:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(i)
Removal and transportation, <span style="color: #7030a0;">towards the sea</span>,
of the material deposited by river etc. on the coast.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(ii)
Carrying of material found in the <span style="color: #7030a0;">sea to the
coastal areas</span>. During this process, the oceanic materials like pearls,
conches and other shells are brought to the coast.</span><br />
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -9pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -9pt;">(C) Deposition by Sea Waves :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sea
waves are helpful in the deposition of the material eroded from the coastal areas.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Oceanic
current are also helpful in deposition of the transported material.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Deposition
of the material along the coast is selective. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The larger particles are deposited first therefore they are
found near the coast</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">On the other hand, the finest particles are deposited last and
they are deposited generally away from the coast</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">This
selective deposition is sometimes altered or affected by a change in the intensity
or force of the waves. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Thus
it is sometimes possible to find very fine particles deposited near the coast
where generally larger particles are deposited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A
number of topographical features are formed due to deposition by waves and currents.</span><br />
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -9pt;">Some of these topographical features are discussed here:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(i) Beach :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Most of the material eroded and picked up by the waves is
deposited near the coast</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Due to
this deposition, the sea becomes shallow and a part of the coastal area is
raised above the water level. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">This
raised portion is almost like a flat plain of a platform formed of gravel and
sand. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">This
type of depositional features along the coast is called a beach. Beaches are
centres of tourist attraction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Marina
Beach of Chennai and Kovalam Beach of Thiruvananthapuram are the famous beaches
of India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(ii) Sand Bar :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sometimes the deposits of sand and gravel laid down by waves and
currents form embankment, separating shoreline from the sea</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">They thus
form barriers between the sea and the mainland. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Such
deposits are called sand bars. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">They
sometime pose difficulties in navigating.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ahER7zQSiUg/VxIiPlDwJ-I/AAAAAAAACr8/_fkUgK6D0G8SKElqVe57-ExYzazrm6-bQCLcB/s1600/9473679_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ahER7zQSiUg/VxIiPlDwJ-I/AAAAAAAACr8/_fkUgK6D0G8SKElqVe57-ExYzazrm6-bQCLcB/s400/9473679_orig.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NlWiSU-lO7k/VxIiT3P9q6I/AAAAAAAACsA/COhGxxAD3ZkGU_5nrNJGwMPTDQxQhSlwACLcB/s1600/sc-deer-sandbar-1881-profile.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NlWiSU-lO7k/VxIiT3P9q6I/AAAAAAAACsA/COhGxxAD3ZkGU_5nrNJGwMPTDQxQhSlwACLcB/s400/sc-deer-sandbar-1881-profile.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MQtaAdg4xS8/VxIiPJMxotI/AAAAAAAACr4/wPH6gO20UG8XyH2SYXd-4td6gmmGhdnTgCLcB/s1600/slide_29%2B%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MQtaAdg4xS8/VxIiPJMxotI/AAAAAAAACr4/wPH6gO20UG8XyH2SYXd-4td6gmmGhdnTgCLcB/s400/slide_29%2B%25281%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(iii) Spit <i>Earth :<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">When one end of a bar is attached to the coast and other extends
into the sea, it is called a spit</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">These
spits are formed by the accumulation of materials brought by waves like sand
and gravel.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yBJCLy7j1Ag/VxIl4JtuFiI/AAAAAAAACsM/3bXHh6Iv8lQ9zkze1kZdFNGmm66vh8_sgCLcB/s1600/coastalProcesses21.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yBJCLy7j1Ag/VxIl4JtuFiI/AAAAAAAACsM/3bXHh6Iv8lQ9zkze1kZdFNGmm66vh8_sgCLcB/s400/coastalProcesses21.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yHfS0s7cbKA/VxIl4Rp01bI/AAAAAAAACsQ/GbIr8bDvoYYvCudE7SQdE9dQM1AczbQ9gCLcB/s1600/Farewell_Spit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="295" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yHfS0s7cbKA/VxIl4Rp01bI/AAAAAAAACsQ/GbIr8bDvoYYvCudE7SQdE9dQM1AczbQ9gCLcB/s400/Farewell_Spit.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kwD6OPqJguo/VxIneZPEx5I/AAAAAAAACsc/Ssvwv_DTO2se7R0Loj7omUHOs3jiWUwLACLcB/s1600/7048242_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kwD6OPqJguo/VxIneZPEx5I/AAAAAAAACsc/Ssvwv_DTO2se7R0Loj7omUHOs3jiWUwLACLcB/s400/7048242_orig.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -9pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(iv) Lagoon :<o:p></o:p></span></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sometimes due to deposition of waves and currents both the ends
of the bar join to enclose a part of the sea water between the coast and the
bar</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">This
enclosed part of the sea forms a lake of saline water. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">This
saline water lake is called a lagoon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sometimes
the lagoons are formed due to wave erosion also. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A
lagoon is generally connected with the sea through a narrow passage. The Chilka
and Pulicate lakes on the north-eastern coast and lake Vembanad on Kerala coast
are examples of lagoon lakes in India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Topographical
features like beaches, bars, spits and lagoons are formed by the action of
waves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--konpKSJ3IM/VxIoc-eYrYI/AAAAAAAACsk/uoYUc6aQ8h4eX7IBxPsxRZ34BeISv8dNwCLcB/s1600/Kara_bogaz_gol.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--konpKSJ3IM/VxIoc-eYrYI/AAAAAAAACsk/uoYUc6aQ8h4eX7IBxPsxRZ34BeISv8dNwCLcB/s400/Kara_bogaz_gol.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2uMsst0jpwE/VxIoc_kJkAI/AAAAAAAACso/KLnZKxeaiew1Qdz9FIxmkRDCMoFAbIDwwCLcB/s1600/lagoon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2uMsst0jpwE/VxIoc_kJkAI/AAAAAAAACso/KLnZKxeaiew1Qdz9FIxmkRDCMoFAbIDwwCLcB/s400/lagoon.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">measures :</span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2B5GFvI36Dk/VxIs-0S7YTI/AAAAAAAACtk/3dUhZhfDXOo2SBPv34QBdJEx4etOKuCogCLcB/s1600/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-6-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="271" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2B5GFvI36Dk/VxIs-0S7YTI/AAAAAAAACtk/3dUhZhfDXOo2SBPv34QBdJEx4etOKuCogCLcB/s400/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-6-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gmwKQWKiWtM/VxIs3Adv_5I/AAAAAAAACtU/vc-KDTxDhz0p9pjWjX8IyttoKEqdOoCswCLcB/s1600/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-35-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gmwKQWKiWtM/VxIs3Adv_5I/AAAAAAAACtU/vc-KDTxDhz0p9pjWjX8IyttoKEqdOoCswCLcB/s400/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-35-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9omB-hweKgE/VxIs01kbBsI/AAAAAAAACtI/iNJl0jmDqqMZtqnS5nMXVo5mLWs71iK7ACLcB/s1600/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-36-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9omB-hweKgE/VxIs01kbBsI/AAAAAAAACtI/iNJl0jmDqqMZtqnS5nMXVo5mLWs71iK7ACLcB/s400/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-36-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eSLR1M3nBzY/VxIs3ONtIhI/AAAAAAAACtM/VnxMnArGWlYAPhvYBpPz0vjVz4yMnry8ACLcB/s1600/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-37-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eSLR1M3nBzY/VxIs3ONtIhI/AAAAAAAACtM/VnxMnArGWlYAPhvYBpPz0vjVz4yMnry8ACLcB/s400/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-37-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Et-7NHA_ykk/VxIs3xVrKoI/AAAAAAAACtQ/uj9sUnRhWsA0U41Nhf2_RhKUU-I22N2mQCLcB/s1600/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-38-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Et-7NHA_ykk/VxIs3xVrKoI/AAAAAAAACtQ/uj9sUnRhWsA0U41Nhf2_RhKUU-I22N2mQCLcB/s400/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-38-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BoglFYXVR4o/VxIs6UrP8AI/AAAAAAAACtY/gohD9VPNrXoHD5C6hZnNJ_QbBbEsqGs6wCLcB/s1600/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-39-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BoglFYXVR4o/VxIs6UrP8AI/AAAAAAAACtY/gohD9VPNrXoHD5C6hZnNJ_QbBbEsqGs6wCLcB/s400/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-39-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xkbl6Qwbsfg/VxIs69U0FtI/AAAAAAAACtc/QPNgxel7r6wkGx1oS9374Y1gPUR8nldagCLcB/s1600/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-40-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="277" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xkbl6Qwbsfg/VxIs69U0FtI/AAAAAAAACtc/QPNgxel7r6wkGx1oS9374Y1gPUR8nldagCLcB/s400/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-40-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ScOhoWVoSzM/VxIs7-m5MwI/AAAAAAAACtg/7vM8AuMIjKUlkDuBkSmfABaZgL6-c_y3QCLcB/s1600/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-42-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ScOhoWVoSzM/VxIs7-m5MwI/AAAAAAAACtg/7vM8AuMIjKUlkDuBkSmfABaZgL6-c_y3QCLcB/s400/coastal-erosion-and-its-control-42-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com41tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5240526809831817730.post-12224951636484982682016-04-13T01:48:00.000-07:002016-04-13T01:48:41.906-07:00LANDFORMS PRODUCED BY UNDERGROUND WATER :<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Topographical features
formed by underground water can be seen particularly, in an highland composed
of limestone on a large scale</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">This distinctive topography
formed due to the action of underground<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">water in limestone region is known as </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Karst topography</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xxoOh38cq9k/VwygtSaZ8oI/AAAAAAAACmo/qP5VDmnAqFwnaitQgim99neD_s2flTgSQCLcB/s1600/figure-13-19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xxoOh38cq9k/VwygtSaZ8oI/AAAAAAAACmo/qP5VDmnAqFwnaitQgim99neD_s2flTgSQCLcB/s400/figure-13-19.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-A-Bh2AmXA-4/Vwygvnq0w2I/AAAAAAAACms/11RH5CCCh_43IYjhlOkjH1lpbsJ4IcyxACLcB/s1600/Grotto3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="127" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-A-Bh2AmXA-4/Vwygvnq0w2I/AAAAAAAACms/11RH5CCCh_43IYjhlOkjH1lpbsJ4IcyxACLcB/s400/Grotto3.png" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-53bO9BYT61Q/VwygyLJoEbI/AAAAAAAACmw/7-IGq9GuF4s4grDls9o_UhD9l7UKz67cACLcB/s1600/Karst_minerve.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-53bO9BYT61Q/VwygyLJoEbI/AAAAAAAACmw/7-IGq9GuF4s4grDls9o_UhD9l7UKz67cACLcB/s400/Karst_minerve.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span id="goog_1434880993"></span><span id="goog_1434880994"></span><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">‘Karst’ word comes from the
Karst region of Adriatic Sea coast in Croatia (Yugosalvia) where such
formations are noticeable. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">This region is made up of
limestone rocks, where underground water is the most active agent of gradation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The topographical features created by
the work of underground water on limestone are of two types.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(a) Topographical features formed on
the <span style="color: red;">surface</span>, like sink holes and swallow holes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(b) Topographical features formed <span style="color: red;">underground</span> like caverns, stalactites and stalgmites.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">a) Topographical features formed on the </span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">surface
:</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sink Holes :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A sinkhole is a surface
depression in a region of limestone or chalk terrain</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Some sinkholes are filled with soil
washed from nearby hillsides, while others are steepsided, dugholes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">They develop where the limestone is
more susceptible to solution, weathering or where an underground cover near the
surface has collapsed.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZMa7XUUTpHs/Vwyjg0dC0tI/AAAAAAAACnI/ncTixN_vd8QDoBlL0O0M4oMoDXW_yWCeACLcB/s1600/Car_in_Sinkhole.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZMa7XUUTpHs/Vwyjg0dC0tI/AAAAAAAACnI/ncTixN_vd8QDoBlL0O0M4oMoDXW_yWCeACLcB/s400/Car_in_Sinkhole.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-o-cVboZtV0U/VwyjZ6ijqQI/AAAAAAAACm8/CTcTDzgntBYTdrx7DGeZuSeR6gj6hXqpgCLcB/s1600/infographic-sinkholes-HUMAN-MADE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-o-cVboZtV0U/VwyjZ6ijqQI/AAAAAAAACm8/CTcTDzgntBYTdrx7DGeZuSeR6gj6hXqpgCLcB/s400/infographic-sinkholes-HUMAN-MADE.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Xl8B0XbRqEE/VwyjZ2-GQ6I/AAAAAAAACnA/Zzj6wrAi1MIbX8BJ0vzYgvHmA4yfxq2bwCLcB/s1600/infographic-sinkholes-NATURAL-lg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Xl8B0XbRqEE/VwyjZ2-GQ6I/AAAAAAAACnA/Zzj6wrAi1MIbX8BJ0vzYgvHmA4yfxq2bwCLcB/s400/infographic-sinkholes-NATURAL-lg.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TwG0gufCb-g/VwyjfZKHM-I/AAAAAAAACnE/d0fWLwYQgeUl33rvygZobciqBbudXB3OgCLcB/s1600/sinkhole-bolivia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TwG0gufCb-g/VwyjfZKHM-I/AAAAAAAACnE/d0fWLwYQgeUl33rvygZobciqBbudXB3OgCLcB/s400/sinkhole-bolivia.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Swallow Holes :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">They are cylindrical in
shape lying underneath the sinkholes at some depth</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In limestone regions, the surface
streams often enter the sinkholes and then disappear underground through
swallow holes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">It is so, because these holes are
connected to the underground caverns on their other side.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WPgvTppkYJA/Vwyp-lDwr5I/AAAAAAAACnk/gxswS0G7iFIf-o41ACQPPWUJPGgcQEZzgCLcB/s1600/d879e5f48baa70a0be1e7fda5957c4cd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WPgvTppkYJA/Vwyp-lDwr5I/AAAAAAAACnk/gxswS0G7iFIf-o41ACQPPWUJPGgcQEZzgCLcB/s400/d879e5f48baa70a0be1e7fda5957c4cd.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IZI7QymQcFE/Vwyp-pdNO-I/AAAAAAAACng/qbKa7aP4w1E9Dg4PN7Xbys6HAJImXSxZQCLcB/s1600/limestoneppt-changed-4-728.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IZI7QymQcFE/Vwyp-pdNO-I/AAAAAAAACng/qbKa7aP4w1E9Dg4PN7Xbys6HAJImXSxZQCLcB/s400/limestoneppt-changed-4-728.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BUDiN8AaeeI/Vwyp-JlmQfI/AAAAAAAACnc/78yfBdmEp6gJI9fz0gt8mQV9aBIoWepUACLcB/s1600/oregonslostlake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BUDiN8AaeeI/Vwyp-JlmQfI/AAAAAAAACnc/78yfBdmEp6gJI9fz0gt8mQV9aBIoWepUACLcB/s400/oregonslostlake.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">b) Topographical features formed underground :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Caverns :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Caverns are
interconnected subterranean cavities in bedrock formed by the corrosions action
of circulating underground water on limestone</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">They are found near <span style="color: #7030a0;">Dehradun in Uttarakhand and in Almora in Kumaon Himalayas</span>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The caves of Kotamsar in the tribal
district of Bastar in Chhattisgarh are famous caverns of India.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HwyPYGh2VVA/VwyuR4Lk9fI/AAAAAAAACn8/vPF-oJ9Ayt40kzALCeTPHNxfVVDKcOPiwCLcB/s1600/slide_47.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HwyPYGh2VVA/VwyuR4Lk9fI/AAAAAAAACn8/vPF-oJ9Ayt40kzALCeTPHNxfVVDKcOPiwCLcB/s400/slide_47.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8Q7j_bFB8gI/VwyuQ5jf3ZI/AAAAAAAACn4/zu8-4Q7gjhwQ59Gfo7j-rHeK_rfA0hbKwCLcB/s1600/DSCN8389.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8Q7j_bFB8gI/VwyuQ5jf3ZI/AAAAAAAACn4/zu8-4Q7gjhwQ59Gfo7j-rHeK_rfA0hbKwCLcB/s400/DSCN8389.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P5QkqsKnXnY/VwyuQiMrwCI/AAAAAAAACn0/9zuCSfX_gH856uIhdwaB2_LoPvt-dcLLQCLcB/s1600/prentice-hall-earth-science-ch06-surface-water-ground-water-27-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P5QkqsKnXnY/VwyuQiMrwCI/AAAAAAAACn0/9zuCSfX_gH856uIhdwaB2_LoPvt-dcLLQCLcB/s400/prentice-hall-earth-science-ch06-surface-water-ground-water-27-638.jpg" width="378" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_j5qup6YrqQ/VwyuQZ2-tFI/AAAAAAAACnw/a5DD3P5JY_UkVvHyNRVWjUsGEsl_fNgdgCLcB/s1600/prentice-hall-earth-science-ch06-surface-water-ground-water-28-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_j5qup6YrqQ/VwyuQZ2-tFI/AAAAAAAACnw/a5DD3P5JY_UkVvHyNRVWjUsGEsl_fNgdgCLcB/s400/prentice-hall-earth-science-ch06-surface-water-ground-water-28-638.jpg" width="333" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Stalactites :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">They are the major depositional
features formed in the caverns in limestone regions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The water containing limestone in
solution, seeps through the roofs of the caverns in the form of a continuous
chain of drops. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A portion of the water dropping from the
ceiling gets evaporated and a small deposit of limestone is left behind on the
roof. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">This process continues
and deposit of limestone grows downwards like pillars</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">These beautiful forms are called
stalactites.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zcMiZTHlf0s/Vwyw64pxxfI/AAAAAAAACoM/Q4gf3mwlLWI0YxVOJU1i7uyvwmmtoxNNQCLcB/s1600/CAVE_Stalactites.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zcMiZTHlf0s/Vwyw64pxxfI/AAAAAAAACoM/Q4gf3mwlLWI0YxVOJU1i7uyvwmmtoxNNQCLcB/s400/CAVE_Stalactites.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YFRcU6sRilE/Vwyz8WFqcRI/AAAAAAAACoY/LLRw8bdTvqswvATso826l6RmjtnTATgJwCLcB/s1600/Labeled_speleothems.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="285" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YFRcU6sRilE/Vwyz8WFqcRI/AAAAAAAACoY/LLRw8bdTvqswvATso826l6RmjtnTATgJwCLcB/s400/Labeled_speleothems.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stalagmites :</span></b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">When the remain in portion of the water
dropping from the roof of the cavern falls on the floor, a part of it is again
evaporated and a small deposit of limestone is left behind. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">This deposit grows upward
from the floor of the cavern</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">These type of depositional features are
called stalagmites. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">As the process grows, both stalactite and
stalagmite often join together to form vertical columns in the caverns.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yowfbnkLcFE/Vwy4Vv26SHI/AAAAAAAACok/YIEstCEUS10Uw0Zkr_fYGI7JEYt_-TI2wCLcB/s1600/543369123.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yowfbnkLcFE/Vwy4Vv26SHI/AAAAAAAACok/YIEstCEUS10Uw0Zkr_fYGI7JEYt_-TI2wCLcB/s400/543369123.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-83GEtZXkA8A/Vwy4WqH6nEI/AAAAAAAACoo/TWNM81CJ16I33gKi5kiPO2Tgg30kS6nSgCLcB/s1600/MammothCave.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="333" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-83GEtZXkA8A/Vwy4WqH6nEI/AAAAAAAACoo/TWNM81CJ16I33gKi5kiPO2Tgg30kS6nSgCLcB/s400/MammothCave.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WHimF4MypJI/Vwy4YNK7rMI/AAAAAAAACos/ZFLCjkP0rP81GK1dunHReHE3lSorbjwVACLcB/s1600/stalagmites.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WHimF4MypJI/Vwy4YNK7rMI/AAAAAAAACos/ZFLCjkP0rP81GK1dunHReHE3lSorbjwVACLcB/s400/stalagmites.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">C.SPRINGS :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">Springs are surface outflow of ground water through an opening in
a rock </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">under hydraulic pressure</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">In such cases the aquifer is either exposed at the surface or it<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> underlies an impermeable rocks. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The amount of water in the aquifer depends upon the amount of
rainfall in that area, landform characteristic and the size of the aquifer.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7KK8eaqrHUc/Vw31hF4ogJI/AAAAAAAACpU/oZVN7mWFB-go4E597l4fyJfYNH6nwi3HACLcB/s1600/Florida_groundwater_cycle.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="297" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7KK8eaqrHUc/Vw31hF4ogJI/AAAAAAAACpU/oZVN7mWFB-go4E597l4fyJfYNH6nwi3HACLcB/s400/Florida_groundwater_cycle.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1-ag2WKSNs0/Vw31hxLKAPI/AAAAAAAACpY/U6ImVIX7kLQ7YRVrfn1HdD5ICITf_U79QCLcB/s1600/IMG_6092.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1-ag2WKSNs0/Vw31hxLKAPI/AAAAAAAACpY/U6ImVIX7kLQ7YRVrfn1HdD5ICITf_U79QCLcB/s400/IMG_6092.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UEKwmhQDBcg/Vw31gnEHDHI/AAAAAAAACpQ/1yCGFF_4aWYgF818DBXS4MsyEJpmDG_yACLcB/s1600/SPRINGS%2BWINDOWS%2BINTO%2BOUR%2BAQUIFERS.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UEKwmhQDBcg/Vw31gnEHDHI/AAAAAAAACpQ/1yCGFF_4aWYgF818DBXS4MsyEJpmDG_yACLcB/s400/SPRINGS%2BWINDOWS%2BINTO%2BOUR%2BAQUIFERS.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Hot Spring :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sometimes the water that flows out of the spring is hot</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Such
springs are called hot springs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">They generally occurs in areas of active or recent vulcanism</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In volcanic regions the underground water gets heated up by
coming in contact with hot rocks or steam</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Hot
springs are found in many parts of India, especially in the <span style="color: #7030a0;">Himalaya in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh</span>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">They
also occur in Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Haryana and Assam. Manikaran in Kulu
Valley, Tatapani near Shimla, Jwalamukhi in Kangra, Sohna in Haryana, Rajgir
and Sitakund in Jharkhand and Badrinath in Uttarakhand have hot springs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uBsXFWJZwWA/Vw32HUqeMTI/AAAAAAAACpg/rvuWxiPIWbEFqh_qfMYqn67kRDH7BQFDACLcB/s1600/basics_clip_image002_0006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="315" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uBsXFWJZwWA/Vw32HUqeMTI/AAAAAAAACpg/rvuWxiPIWbEFqh_qfMYqn67kRDH7BQFDACLcB/s400/basics_clip_image002_0006.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tlCIYi9IaOs/Vw32J4xayGI/AAAAAAAACpo/NMe6GL1H-e8Kwo2pmnpoZBqqTP6tG3L0ACLcB/s1600/Hot-spring.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tlCIYi9IaOs/Vw32J4xayGI/AAAAAAAACpo/NMe6GL1H-e8Kwo2pmnpoZBqqTP6tG3L0ACLcB/s400/Hot-spring.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">D.GEYSERS :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Springs emitting hot water and steam in forms of fountains or
jets at regular intervals are called geysers</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In case of a geyser, hot water is ejected violently because of the
pressure created by steam</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The water does not come out continuously but it flows out intermittently</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
period between two emissions is sometimes regular. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gwDqikeYC2Y/Vw4Ha7OaoLI/AAAAAAAACqA/BBvp4e4pr5QVcxJfu7DHti6keuZihtGqgCLcB/s1600/95629-004-7EF6B7AB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gwDqikeYC2Y/Vw4Ha7OaoLI/AAAAAAAACqA/BBvp4e4pr5QVcxJfu7DHti6keuZihtGqgCLcB/s400/95629-004-7EF6B7AB.jpg" width="258" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zQIOd4wGyBQ/Vw4GT6-gDVI/AAAAAAAACp4/erAiDiCVoLwMIZKM1RjRYm5xfK1zqe48gCLcB/s1600/o-STROKKUR-GEYSER-570.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zQIOd4wGyBQ/Vw4GT6-gDVI/AAAAAAAACp4/erAiDiCVoLwMIZKM1RjRYm5xfK1zqe48gCLcB/s400/o-STROKKUR-GEYSER-570.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
R.A.Israel Jebasingh IAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17651781222669145636noreply@blogger.com31